Lithium battery Electrical conductivity Activated carbon Magnetron sputtering Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Organic electrode materials CO2 electrolysis Raman spectroscopy LiFePO4 Sputtering Microbatteries Fuel cell Cyclic voltammetry Interface Binder Transition metals Cycling stability Power performance DFT calculations Electrochemistry Positive electrode Negative electrode Electrochemical performance Exsolution Anode Lithium ion battery Micro-supercapacitor Electrode FIB/SEM SOFC MAS NMR Cycle performance Thin films Perovskite Electrolyte Impedance spectroscopy Pseudocapacitance Batteries Energy storage Aqueous electrolyte GGA+U Electrochemical electrodes Diazonium Photovoltaics Silicon Nickel oxide Supercapacitors Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Supercapacitor Diazonium chemistry Microdevice Operando Anodes Fe Porous silicon Plasma Lithium-ion battery Cations Intercalation Ionic conductivity Ionogels Electrode material Microstructure Lithium-ion batteries Grafting Vanadium nitride FeWO 4 Ionic liquid Lithium ion batteries Diazonium salts Titanium nitride DFT Graphene Micro-supercapacitors CVD Li-ion battery Electrodes Manganese dioxide EIS Electrochemical capacitor Electrolytes Crystal structure Electrochemical capacitors Chemical vapor deposition Current collector NMR MnO2 Ionic liquid electrolytes Organic batteries Coating Capacitance Lithium batteries Degradation Failure mechanism Physical and chemical processes Fermi contact Organic battery XPS Graphite Li-ion batteries