R. Jambou, E. Legrand, M. Niang, N. Khim, and P. Lim, Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in-vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6, The Lancet, vol.366, issue.9501, pp.1960-1963, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67787-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00590989

E. Legrand, B. Volney, J. Meynard, P. Esterre, and O. Mercereau-puijalon, Resistance to Dihydroartemisinin, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.5, pp.808-817, 2007.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1305.061442
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00590984

H. Noedl, Y. Se, K. Schaecher, B. Smith, D. Socheat et al., Evidence of Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria in Western Cambodia, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.359, issue.24, pp.2619-2639, 2008.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMc0805011

P. Lim, A. Alker, N. Khim, N. Shah, and S. Incardona, Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia, Malaria Journal, vol.8, issue.1, p.11, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-8-11

W. Rogers, R. Sem, T. Tero, P. Chim, and P. Lim, Failure of artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southern Cambodia, Malaria Journal, vol.8, issue.1, p.10, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-8-10

V. Carrara, J. Zwang, E. Ashley, R. Price, and K. Stepniewska, Changes in the Treatment Responses to Artesunate-Mefloquine on the Northwestern Border of Thailand during 13 Years of Continuous Deployment, PLoS ONE, vol.320, issue.2, p.4551, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0004551.t006

R. Maude, W. Pontavornpinyo, S. Saralamba, R. Aguas, and S. Yeung, The last man standing is the most resistant: eliminating artemisinin-resistant malaria in Cambodia, Malaria Journal, vol.8, issue.1, p.31, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-8-31

U. Eckstein-ludwig, R. Webb, V. Goethem, I. East, J. Lee et al., Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum, Nature, vol.424, issue.6951, pp.957-61, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nature01813

S. Krishna, C. Woodrow, H. Staines, R. Haynes, and O. Mercereau-puijalon, Re-evaluation of how artemisinins work in light of emerging evidence of in vitro resistance, Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol.12, issue.5, pp.200-205, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.005

C. Toyoshima and G. Inesi, -ATPase of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.73, issue.1, pp.269-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073700
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00361244

C. Toyoshima, How Ca2+-ATPase pumps ions across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, vol.1793, issue.6, pp.941-947, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.10.008

M. Berridge, P. Lipp, and M. Bootman, The versatility and universality of calcium signaling, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.11-21, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35036035

F. Wuytack, L. Raeymaekers, and L. Missiaen, Molecular physiology of the SERCA and SPCA pumps, Cell Calcium, vol.32, issue.5-6, pp.279-305, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0143416002001847

K. Nagamune and L. Sibley, Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Analyses of Calcium ATPases and Calcium-Regulated Proteins in the Apicomplexa, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.23, issue.8, pp.1613-1640, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msl026

C. Toyoshima, H. Nomura, and Y. Sugita, -ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum, FEBS Letters, vol.505, issue.1, pp.106-116, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01086-X
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00361244

C. Toyoshima, Structural aspects of ion pumping by Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol.476, issue.1, pp.3-11, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.017

C. Xu, H. Ma, G. Inesi, M. Shawi, and C. Toyoshima, Specific Structural Requirements for the Inhibitory Effect of Thapsigargin on the Ca2+ ATPase SERCA, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.17, pp.17973-17982, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M313263200

S. Christensen, D. Skytte, S. Denmeade, C. Dionne, and J. Møller, A Trojan Horse in Drug Development: Targeting of Thapsigargins Towards Prostate Cancer Cells, Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, vol.9, issue.3, pp.276-94, 2009.
DOI : 10.2174/1871520610909030276

A. Uhlemann, A. Cameron, U. Eckstein-ludwig, J. Fischbarg, and P. Iserovich, A single amino acid residue can determine the sensitivity of SERCAs to artemisinins, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, vol.22, issue.7, pp.628-637, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.274.11.7272

S. Cojean, V. Hubert, L. Bras, J. Durand, and R. , Resistance to Dihydroartemisinin, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.12, issue.11, pp.1798-1807, 2006.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1211.060903

A. Afonso, P. Hunt, S. Cheesman, A. Alves, and P. Cravo, Malaria Parasites Can Develop Stable Resistance to Artemisinin but Lack Mutations in Candidate Genes atp6 (Encoding the Sarcoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase), tctp, mdr1, and cg10, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.50, issue.2, pp.480-489, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.50.2.480-489.2006

K. Nagamune, W. Beatty, and L. Sibley, Artemisinin Induces Calcium-Dependent Protein Secretion in the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.6, issue.11, pp.2147-56, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.00262-07

P. Hunt, P. Cravo, P. Donleavy, J. Carlton, and D. Walliker, Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium chabaudi: are chloroquine-resistance transporter (crt) and multi-drug resistance (mdr1) orthologues involved?, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.133, issue.1, pp.27-35, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.08.010

K. Tanabe, N. Sakihama, T. Hattori, L. Ranford-cartwright, and I. Goldman, Genetic Distance in Housekeeping Genes Between Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium reichenowi and Within P. falciparum, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.293, issue.5, pp.687-94, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00239-004-2662-3

M. Ibrahim, N. Khim, H. Adam, F. Ariey, and J. Duchemin, Polymorphism of PfATPase in Niger: detection of three new point mutations, Malaria Journal, vol.8, issue.1, p.28, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-8-28

S. Dahlström, M. Veiga, P. Ferreira, A. Mårtensson, and A. Kaneko, Diversity of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase orthologue of Plasmodium falciparum (PfATP6), Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.8, issue.3, pp.340-345, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.02.002

C. Toyoshima and H. Nomura, Structural changes in the calcium pump accompanying the dissociation of calcium, Nature, vol.71, issue.6898, pp.605-616, 2002.
DOI : 10.1107/S0021889891004399

T. Adachi, R. Weisbrod, D. Pimentel, J. Ying, and V. Sharov, S-Glutathiolation by peroxynitrite activates SERCA during arterial relaxation by nitric oxide, Nature Medicine, vol.78, issue.11, pp.1200-1207, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/bi0007674

R. Cohen and T. Adachi, Nitric-Oxide-Induced Vasodilatation: Regulation by Physiologic S-Glutathiolation and Pathologic Oxidation of the Sarcoplasmic Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase, Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol.16, issue.4, pp.109-114, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tcm.2006.02.001

M. Jung, H. Kim, K. Nam, and K. No, Three-dimensional structure of Plasmodium falciparum Ca2+-ATPase(PfATP6) and docking of artemisinin derivatives to PfATP6, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol.15, issue.12, pp.2994-2997, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.041

F. Tajima, Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism, Genetics, vol.123, pp.585-595, 1989.

Y. Fu and W. Li, Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations, Genetics, vol.133, pp.693-709, 1993.

K. Crandall and A. Templeton, Empirical tests of some predictions from coalescent theory with applications to intraspecific phylogeny reconstruction, Genetics, vol.134, pp.959-969, 1993.

M. Menegon, A. Sannela, G. Majori, and C. Severini, Detection of novel point mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum ATPase6 candidate gene for resistance to artemisinins, Parasitology International, vol.57, issue.2, pp.233-235, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.parint.2007.12.004

J. Mu, P. Awadalla, J. Duan, K. Mcgee, and D. Joy, Recombination Hotspots and Population Structure in Plasmodium falciparum, PLoS Biology, vol.99, issue.10, p.335, 2005.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030335.st001

J. Mu, P. Awadalla, J. Duan, K. Mcgee, and J. Keebler, Genome-wide variation and identification of vaccine targets in the Plasmodium falciparum genome, Nature Genetics, vol.163, issue.1, pp.126-130, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1924

S. Volkman, P. Sabeti, D. Decaprio, D. Neafsey, and S. Schaffner, A genome-wide map of diversity in Plasmodium falciparum, Nature Genetics, vol.419, issue.1, pp.113-119, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1930

C. Kidgell, S. Volkman, J. Daily, J. Borevitz, and D. Plouffe, A Systematic Map of Genetic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum, PLoS Pathogens, vol.3, issue.6, p.57, 2006.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020057.st014

T. Anderson, B. Haubold, J. Williams, J. Estrada-franco, and L. Richardson, Microsatellite Markers Reveal a Spectrum of Population Structures in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.17, issue.10, pp.1467-82, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026247

R. Mehlotra, G. Mattera, M. Bockarie, J. Maguire, and J. Baird, Discordant Patterns of Genetic Variation at Two Chloroquine Resistance Loci in Worldwide Populations of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.6, pp.2212-2234, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00089-08

D. Neafsey, S. Schaffner, S. Volkman, D. Park, and P. Montgomery, Genome-wide SNP genotyping highlights the role of natural selection in Plasmodium falciparum population divergence, Genome Biology, vol.9, issue.12, p.171, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/gb-2008-9-12-r171

M. Ekala, N. Khim, E. Legrand, M. Randrianarivelojosia, and R. Jambou, Sequence analysis of Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b in multiple geographic sites, Malaria Journal, vol.6, issue.1, p.164, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-6-164
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00590983

M. Gardner, H. Tettelin, D. Carucci, L. Cummings, and L. Aravind, Chromosome 2 Sequence of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Science, vol.282, issue.5391, pp.1126-1158, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.282.5391.1126

D. Jeffares, A. Pain, A. Berry, A. Cox, and J. Stalker, Genome variation and evolution of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Nature Genetics, vol.143, issue.1, pp.120-125, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1931

C. Kimchi-sarfaty, J. Oh, I. Kim, Z. Sauna, and A. Calcagno, A "Silent" Polymorphism in the MDR1 Gene Changes Substrate Specificity, Science, vol.315, issue.5811, pp.525-533, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1135308

D. Joy, X. Feng, J. Mu, T. Furuya, and K. Chotivanich, Early Origin and Recent Expansion of Plasmodium falciparum, Science, vol.300, issue.5617, pp.318-339, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1081449

T. Toshihiko, K. Kurzydlowski, J. Lyttonll, and D. Maclennan, The Nucleotide Binding/Hinge DomainP lays a Crucial Role in Determining Isoform-specific Ca29 dependence of Organellar Ca29-ATPases, J Biol Chem, vol.267, pp.14490-14436, 1992.

M. Yu, J. Lin, M. Khadeer, Y. Yeh, G. Inesi et al., Effects of Various Amino Acid 256 Mutations on Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ATPase Function and Their Role in the Cellular Adaptive Response to Thapsigargin, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol.362, issue.2, pp.225-257, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/abbi.1998.1049

K. Nagamune, S. Moreno, and L. Sibley, Artemisinin-Resistant Mutants of Toxoplasma gondii Have Altered Calcium Homeostasis, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.11, pp.3816-3839, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00582-07

B. Modell and M. Darlison, Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol.2008, issue.6, pp.480-487, 2008.
DOI : 10.2471/BLT.06.036673

R. Hebbel, M. Steinberg, and J. Eaton, Erythrocyte calcium abnormalities in sickle cell disease, Prog Clin Biol Res, vol.51, pp.321-353, 1981.

W. Mentzer and M. Clark, Disorders of erythrocyte cation permeability and water content associated with hemolytic anemia, Biomembranes, vol.11, pp.79-118, 1983.

S. Wu, Large-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels:Physiological Role and Pharmacology, Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol.10, issue.8, pp.649-61, 2003.
DOI : 10.2174/0929867033457863

M. Föller, S. Huber, and F. Lang, Erythrocyte programmed cell death, IUBMB Life, vol.125, issue.Pt 18, pp.661-669, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/iub.106

U. Kawazoe, J. Fang, S. Miranda, W. De-souza, and H. Plattner, Acidocalcisomes in Apicomplexan parasites, Experimental Parasitology, vol.118, pp.2-9, 2008.

G. Inesi, D. Lewis, C. Toyoshima, A. Hirata, and L. De-meis, Conformational Fluctuations of the Ca2+-ATPase in the Native Membrane Environment: EFFECTS OF pH, TEMPERATURE, CATALYTIC SUBSTRATES, AND THAPSIGARGIN, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.283, issue.2, pp.1189-96, 2008.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M707189200

I. Ferreira, D. Lopes, A. Martinelli, C. Ferreira, and V. Do-rosário, In vitro assessment of artesunate, artemether and amodiaquine susceptibility and molecular analysis of putative resistance-associated mutations of Plasmodium falciparum from S??o Tom?? and Pr??ncipe, Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol.44, issue.3, pp.353-62, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01789.x

J. Thompson, T. Gibson, and D. Higgins, Multiple Sequence Alignment Using ClustalW and ClustalX, Curr Protoc Bioinformatics Chapter, vol.266, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/0471250953.bi0203s00

J. Rozas, J. Sánchez-delbarrio, X. Messeguer, and R. Rozas, DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods, Bioinformatics, vol.19, issue.18, pp.2496-2497, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg359

K. Tamura, J. Dudley, M. Nei, and S. Kumar, MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.24, issue.8, pp.1596-1599, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msm092
URL : http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/24/8/1596

R. Hudson, M. Slatkin, and W. Maddison, Estimation of levels of gene flow from DNA sequence data, Genetics, vol.132, pp.583-589, 1992.

A. Templeton, K. Crandall, and C. Sing, A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data, III. Cladogram estimation Genetics, vol.132, pp.619-633, 1992.