I. Carr, The Macrophage, 1973.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4899-5031-4_1

J. M. Guan, J. S. Nicholls, and . Peiris, Influenza H5N1 virus infection of polarized human alveolar epithelial cells and lung microvascular endothelial cells, Respir Res, vol.10, p.102, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00588916

A. C. Lai, W. H. Lo, A. D. Chui, D. L. Sihoe, D. S. Kwong et al., Tropism and innate host responses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in ex vivo and in vitro cultures of human conjunctiva and respiratory tract, Am J Pathol, vol.176, pp.1828-1868, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00588912

H. T. Chan, L. L. Long, Y. Poon, J. S. Guan, and . Peiris, Proinflammatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A (H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells, Respiratory Research, vol.431, issue.21, p.135, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02951

J. S. Guan and . Peiris, Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease?, Lancet, vol.360, pp.1831-1838, 2002.

S. Senne, K. F. Krauss, R. G. Shortridge, and . Webster, Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, Lancet, vol.351, pp.472-479, 1998.

E. C. Crouch, Surfactant protein-D and pulmonary host defense, Respir Res, vol.1, pp.93-108, 2000.

F. S. Dawood, S. Jain, L. Finelli, M. W. Shaw, S. Lindstrom et al., Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans, N Engl J Med, vol.360, pp.2605-2620, 2009.

J. C. De-jong, E. C. Claas, and A. D. Osterhaus, [Influenza A (H5N1) in Hong Kong: Forerunner of a pandemic or just a scientifically interesting phenomenon and a useful exercise in pandemiology, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, vol.142, pp.1252-1258, 1998.

S. A. Eming, T. Krieg, and J. M. Davidson, Inflammation in Wound Repair: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.127, issue.3, pp.514-539, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700701

D. N. Fisman, Hemophagocytic Syndromes and Infection, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.6, issue.6, pp.601-609, 2000.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0606.000608
URL : http://doi.org/10.3201/eid0606.000608

T. Geiser, K. Atabai, P. H. Jarreau, L. B. Ware, J. Pugin et al., Alveolar Epithelial Repair by an IL-1 ?? -dependent Mechanism, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.163, issue.6, pp.1384-1392, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.2006131

A. S. Headley, E. Tolley, and G. U. Meduri, Infections and the Inflammatory Response in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chest, vol.111, issue.5, pp.1306-1327, 1997.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.111.5.1306

W. Srivastava, U. A. Seeger, J. Maus, and . Lohmeyer, Alveolar epithelial cells direct monocyte transepithelial migration upon influenza virus infection: impact of chemokines and adhesion molecules, J Immunol, vol.177, pp.1817-1841, 2006.

E. L. Herzog, A. R. Brody, T. V. Colby, R. Mason, and M. C. Williams, Knowns and Unknowns of the Alveolus, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, vol.5, issue.7, pp.778-82, 2008.
DOI : 10.1513/pats.200803-028HR

T. Hussell and J. Goulding, Structured regulation of inflammation during respiratory viral infection, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.5, pp.360-366
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70067-0

H. M. Kim, Y. W. Lee, K. J. Lee, H. S. Kim, S. W. Cho et al., Alveolar Macrophages Are Indispensable for Controlling Influenza Viruses in Lungs of Pigs, Journal of Virology, vol.82, issue.9, pp.4265-74, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.02602-07

T. Kuiken, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, G. Van-amerongen, and A. D. Osterhaus, Pathology of Human Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis), Veterinary Pathology, vol.40, issue.3, pp.304-314, 2003.
DOI : 10.1354/vp.40-3-304

M. Mason and R. J. , Acute lung injury edema fluid decreases net fluid transport across human alveolar epithelial type II cells Biology of alveolar type II cells, J Biol Chem Respirology, vol.282, issue.11, pp.24109-24128, 2006.

S. Matikainen, J. Siren, J. Tissari, V. Veckman, J. Pirhonen et al., Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Enhances Influenza A Virus-Induced Expression of Antiviral Cytokines by Activating RIG-I Gene Expression, Journal of Virology, vol.80, issue.7, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.80.7.3515-3522.2006

M. N. Matrosovich, T. Y. Matrosovich, T. Gray, N. A. Roberts, and H. D. Klenk, Human and avian influenza viruses target different cell types in cultures of human airway epithelium, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.13, pp.4620-4624, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0308001101

M. A. Matthay and J. P. Wiener-kronish, Intact Epithelial Barrier Function Is Critical for the Resolution of Alveolar Edema in Humans, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.142, issue.6_pt_1, pp.1250-1257, 1990.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/142.6_Pt_1.1250

J. M. Nicholls, A. J. Bourne, H. Chen, Y. Guan, and J. S. Peiris, Sialic acid receptor detection in the human respiratory tract: evidence for widespread distribution of potential binding sites for human and avian influenza viruses, Tropism of avian influenza A (H5N1) in the upper and lower respiratory tract, pp.73-26147, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.02677-05

J. S. Peiris, M. D. De-jong, and Y. Guan, Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1): a Threat to Human Health, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.20, issue.2, pp.243-67, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00037-06
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00589027

J. S. Peiris, W. C. Yu, C. W. Leung, C. Y. Cheung, W. F. Ng et al., Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease, The Lancet, vol.363, issue.9409, pp.617-626, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15595-5

L. A. Perrone, J. K. Plowden, A. Garcia-sastre, J. M. Katz, and T. M. Tumpey, H5N1 and 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus Infection Results in Early and Excessive Infiltration of Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Lungs of Mice, PLoS Pathogens, vol.10, issue.652, p.1000115, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000115.t002

T. Peschke, A. Bender, M. Nain, and D. Gemsa, Role of Macrophage Cytokines in Influenza A Virus lnfections, Immunobiology, vol.189, issue.3-4, pp.340-55, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80365-7

R. Puertollano, J. A. Martinez-menarguez, A. Batista, J. Ballesta, and M. A. Alonso, An Intact Dilysine-like Motif in the Carboxyl Terminus of MAL Is Required for Normal Apical Transport of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Cargo Protein in Epithelial Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.12, issue.6, pp.1869-83, 2001.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.12.6.1869

J. Pugin, G. Verghese, M. C. Widmer, and M. A. Matthay, The alveolar space is the site of intense inflammatory and profibrotic reactions in the early phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome, Critical Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.2, pp.304-316, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199902000-00036

G. F. Rimmelzwaan, T. Kuiken, G. Van-amerongen, T. M. Bestebroer, R. A. Fouchier et al., A Primate Model to Study the Pathogenesis of Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection, Avian Diseases, vol.47, issue.s3, pp.931-934, 2003.
DOI : 10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.931

S. H. Seo, R. Webby, and R. G. Webster, No apoptotic deaths and different levels of inductions of inflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages infected with influenza viruses, Virology, vol.329, issue.2, pp.270-279, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2004.08.019

L. Sumner, M. Liu, B. Patel, P. Batten, T. Greer et al., pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States, Am J Pathol, vol.177, pp.166-75, 2009.

K. Shinya, M. Ebina, S. Yamada, M. Ono, N. Kasai et al., Avian flu: Influenza virus receptors in the human airway, Nature, vol.293, issue.7083, pp.435-441, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/440435a

K. Shinya and Y. Kawaoka, Influenza virus receptors in the human air way, Uirusu, vol.56, issue.1, pp.85-94, 2006.
DOI : 10.2222/jsv.56.85

M. A. Spiteri, R. A. Knight, J. Y. Jeremy, P. J. Barnes, and K. F. Chung, Alveolar macrophage-induced suppression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell responsiveness is reversed by <I>in vitro</I> allergen exposure in bronchial asthma, European Respiratory Journal, vol.7, issue.8, pp.1431-1439, 1994.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.94.07081431

K. Subbarao, A. Klimov, J. Katz, H. Regnery, W. Lim et al., Characterization of an Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Isolated from a Child with a Fatal Respiratory Illness, Science, vol.279, issue.5349, pp.393-399, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.279.5349.393

J. M. Tumpey and . Katz, Role of host cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice, J Virol, vol.81, pp.2736-2780, 2007.

J. K. Taubenberger and D. M. Morens, The Pathology of Influenza Virus Infections, Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, vol.3, issue.1, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316

M. Uiprasertkul, P. Puthavathana, K. Sangsiriwut, P. Pooruk, K. Srisook et al., Influenza A H5N1 replication sites in humans H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract Differentiated human alveolar epithelial cells and reversibility of their phenotype in vitro, Emerg Infect Dis Science Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, vol.11, issue.36, pp.1036-41661, 2005.

. Mason, Differentiated human alveolar type II cells secrete antiviral IL-29 (IFN-lambda 1) in response to influenza A infection, J Immunol, vol.182, pp.1296-304, 2009.

L. B. Ware and M. A. Matthay, Alveolar Fluid Clearance Is Impaired in the Majority of Patients with Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.163, issue.6, pp.1376-83, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.2004035

M. C. Williams, Alveolar Type I Cells: Molecular Phenotype and Development, Annual Review of Physiology, vol.65, issue.1, pp.669-95, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142446

K. Y. Yuen, P. K. Chan, M. Peiris, D. N. Tsang, T. L. Que et al., Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus, The Lancet, vol.351, issue.9101, pp.467-71, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01182-9