K. Alberti, R. Eckel, S. Grundy, P. Zimmet, J. Cleeman et al., Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity, Circulation, vol.120, issue.16, pp.1640-1645, 2009.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644

G. Hotamisligil, Inflammation and metabolic disorders, Nature, vol.314, issue.7121, pp.860-867, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05485

D. Savage, Microbial Ecology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.31, issue.1, pp.107-140, 1977.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543

F. Backhed, H. Ding, T. Wang, L. Hooper, G. Koh et al., The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.44, pp.15718-15741, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0407076101

R. Ley, F. Backhed, P. Turnbaugh, C. Lozupone, R. Knight et al., Obesity alters gut microbial ecology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.31, pp.11070-11075, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0504978102

P. Turnbaugh, M. Hamady, T. Yatsunenko, B. Cantarel, A. Duncan et al., A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins, Nature, vol.8, issue.7228, pp.480-484, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nature07540

P. Turnbaugh, R. Ley, M. Mahowald, V. Magrini, E. Mardis et al., An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest, Nature, vol.20, issue.7122, pp.1027-1058, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05414

J. Fritz, R. Ferrero, D. Philpott, and S. Girardin, Nod-like proteins in immunity, inflammation and disease, Nature Immunology, vol.176, issue.12, pp.1250-1257, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.027

J. Fritz, L. Bourhis, L. Magalhaes, J. Philpott, and D. , Innate immune recognition at the epithelial barrier drives adaptive immunity: APCs take the back seat, Trends in Immunology, vol.29, issue.1, pp.41-50, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2007.10.002

W. Kanczkowski, C. Ziegler, K. Zacharowski, and S. Bornstein, Toll-like receptors in endocrine disease and diabetes, Neuroimmunomodulation, vol.15, pp.54-60, 2008.

M. Fukata, A. Vamadevan, and M. Abreu, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) in inflammatory disorders, Seminars in Immunology, vol.21, issue.4, pp.242-53, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.smim.2009.06.005

H. Shi, M. Kokoeva, K. Inouye, I. Tzameli, H. Yin et al., TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid???induced insulin resistance, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.116, issue.11, pp.3015-3040, 2006.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI28898

M. Vijay-kumar, J. Aitken, F. Carvalho, T. Cullender, S. Mwangi et al., Metabolic Syndrome and Altered Gut Microbiota in Mice Lacking Toll-Like Receptor 5, Science, vol.328, issue.5975, pp.228-259, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1179721

C. Bryant and K. Fitzgerald, Molecular mechanisms involved in inflammasome activation, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.19, issue.9, pp.455-64, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.06.002

K. Schroder, R. Zhou, and J. Tschopp, The NLRP3 Inflammasome: A Sensor for Metabolic Danger?, Science, vol.327, issue.5963, pp.296-300, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1184003

M. Netea, F. Van-de-veerdonk, B. Kullberg, J. Van-der-meer, and L. Joosten, The role of NLRs and TLRs in the activation of the inflammasome, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, vol.149, issue.12, pp.1867-72, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.649

F. Martinon, A. Mayor, and J. Tschopp, The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.27, issue.1, pp.229-65, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715

R. Zhou, A. Tardivel, B. Thorens, I. Choi, and J. Tschopp, Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation, Nature Immunology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.136-176, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402142

K. Maedler, G. Dharmadhikari, D. Schumann, and J. Storling, Interleukin-1 beta targeted therapy for type 2 diabetes, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, vol.58, issue.9, pp.1177-88, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/dmrr.960

C. Larsen, M. Faulenbach, A. Vaag, J. Ehses, M. Donath et al., Sustained Effects of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, vol.32, issue.9, pp.1663-1671, 2009.
DOI : 10.2337/dc09-0533

C. Larsen, M. Faulenbach, A. Vaag, A. Volund, J. Ehses et al., Interleukin-1???Receptor Antagonist in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.356, issue.15, pp.1517-1543, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa065213

J. Zhu, A. Quyyumi, J. Norman, G. Csako, M. Waclawiw et al., Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C-reactive protein levels, The American Journal of Cardiology, vol.85, issue.2, pp.140-146, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00653-0

I. Nabipour, K. Vahdat, S. Jafari, R. Pazoki, and Z. Sanjdideh, The association of metabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae , Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study, Cardiovascular Diabetology, vol.5, issue.1, p.25, 2006.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2840-5-25

W. El-sadr, C. Mullin, A. Carr, C. Gibert, C. Rappoport et al., Effects of HIV disease on lipid, glucose and insulin levels: results from a large antiretroviral-naive cohort, HIV Medicine, vol.349, issue.21, pp.114-135, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa022048

S. Proll, J. Mcdermott, M. Gritsenko, Q. Zhang, R. Zhao et al., Temporal proteome and lipidome profiles reveal hepatitis C virus-associated reprogramming of hepatocellular metabolism and bioenergetics, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, p.1000719, 2010.

M. Sheikh, J. Choi, I. Qadri, J. Friedman, and A. Sanyal, Hepatitis C virus infection: Molecular pathways to metabolic syndrome, Hepatology, vol.14, issue.6, pp.2127-2160, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.22269

S. Rasheed, J. Yan, A. Lau, and A. Chan, HIV Replication Enhances Production of Free Fatty Acids, Low Density Lipoproteins and Many Key Proteins Involved in Lipid Metabolism: A Proteomics Study, PLoS ONE, vol.3, issue.201, p.3003, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003003.t002

K. Alexandraki, C. Piperi, C. Kalofoutis, J. Singh, A. Alaveras et al., Inflammatory Process in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Cytokines, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.45, issue.1, pp.89-117, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M404962200

G. Bezante, L. Briatore, D. Rollando, D. Maggi, M. Setti et al., Hypoadiponectinemia in lipodystrophic HIV individuals: A metabolic marker of subclinical cardiac damage, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, vol.19, issue.4, pp.277-82, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.07.009

T. Nystrom, C-reactive protein: a marker or a player?, Clinical Science, vol.113, issue.2, pp.79-81, 2007.
DOI : 10.1042/CS20070121
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00479376

W. Alpizar-alpizar, O. Laerum, M. Illemann, J. Ramirez, A. Arias et al., Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL/Lcn2) is upregulated in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori, Virchows Archiv, vol.123, issue.Suppl 8, pp.225-258, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00428-009-0825-8

L. Landro, J. Damas, T. Flo, L. Heggelund, T. Ueland et al., Decreased serum lipocalin-2 levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: increase during highly active anti-retroviral therapy, Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.57-63, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03592.x

T. Berger, A. Togawa, G. Duncan, A. Elia, A. You-ten et al., Lipocalin 2-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to Escherichia coli infection but not to ischemia-reperfusion injury, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.6, pp.1834-1843, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0510847103

O. Halaas, M. Steigedal, M. Haug, J. Awuh, L. Ryan et al., Recycling Endocytic Pathway and Avoid Lipocalin 2 Trafficking to the Lysosomal Pathway, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.201, issue.5, pp.783-92, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/650493

J. Cowland, T. Muta, and N. Borregaard, IL-1??-Specific Up-Regulation of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Is Controlled by I??B-??, The Journal of Immunology, vol.176, issue.9, pp.5559-66, 2006.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5559

F. Shen, M. Ruddy, P. Plamondon, and S. Gaffen, Cytokines link osteoblasts and inflammation: microarray analysis of interleukin-17- and TNF-??-induced genes in bone cells, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.77, issue.3, pp.388-99, 2005.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.0904490