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M. Bemmann, D. Schwerin, C. Reil, J. Imholt, K. Jacob et al., André Schütte, Julie Elkins and Sylvia Ferguson (FLI, Greifswald-Insel Riems) for field work and technical assistance. This study was funded by the European Union FP7 projects EMPERIE (Grant agreement number 223498) and EVA (Grant agreement number 228292), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; project code 01KIO701), the German Research Foundation (DFG; Grant agreement number DR 772/3-1) to CD; the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the National Research Platform for Zoonoses (project code 01KI1018), the Umweltbundesamt (FKZ 370941401) and the Robert Koch-Institut (FKZ 1362/1-924) to RGU; through the Government of Gabon, Total-Fina-Elf Gabon and the Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, France. This paper is dedicated to the memory of the late Elisabeth Kalko. Author contributions did field work in Gabon and Ghana, designed the study, did in silico analyses and wrote the article. C.D. designed and conducted ancestral host association analyses, did field work in Ghana and Germany, PCR experiments in Gabon and Germany, and artwork for the article. M.A.M. did field work in Ghana, conducted IFA and generated bat cell lines. G.D.M. did field work and PCR experiments in Gabon. P.V. did field work in DRC. G.H. and A.R. designed and did field work in Costa Rica. A.H. did field work in DRC, Gabon and RCA. C.P. did field work in DRC. T.B. did field work in Ghana and Gabon, and PCR/cell culture experiments in Ghana F.G.R. organised and conducted field work in Germany, Bulgaria, Romania and Ghana. S.Y. did field work in Bulgaria. A.S. did field work in Germany, Ghana and Romania. S.O., Y.A.S. and T.K. organised field work in Ghana. A.N.L. contributed to in silico analyses