T. Staalsoe and L. Hviid, The Role of Variant-specific Immunity in Asymptomatic Malaria Infections: Maintaining a Fine Balance, Parasitology Today, vol.14, issue.5, pp.177-178, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01228-9

J. Bousema, L. Gouagna, C. Drakeley, A. Meutstege, B. Okech et al., Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western Kenya, Malaria Journal, vol.3, issue.1, p.18, 2004.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-3-18

B. Crookston, S. Alder, I. Boakye, R. Merrill, J. Amuasi et al., Exploring the relationship between chronic undernutrition and asymptomatic malaria in Ghanaian children, Malaria Journal, vol.9, issue.1, p.39, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-9-39

S. Owusu-agyei, K. Koram, J. Baird, G. Utz, F. Binka et al., Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection following curative therapy in adult residents of Northern Ghana, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.65, pp.197-203, 2001.

S. Males, O. Gaye, and A. Garcia, Long-Term Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmodium falciparum Protects from Malaria Attacks: a Prospective Study among Senegalese Children, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.46, issue.4, pp.516-522, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/526529

L. Port, A. Cot, M. Etard, J. Gaye, O. Migot-nabias et al., Relation between Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic infection and malaria attacks in a cohort of Senegalese children, Malaria Journal, vol.7, issue.1, p.193, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-7-193

K. Klouwenberg, P. Oyakhirome, S. Schwarz, N. Gläser, B. Issifou et al., Malaria and asymptomatic parasitaemia in Gabonese infants under the age of 3 months, Acta Tropica, vol.95, issue.2, pp.81-85, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.05.003

D. Nkoghe, J. Akue, J. Gonzalez, and E. Leroy, Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic rural Gabonese populations, Malaria Journal, vol.10, issue.1, p.33, 2011.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-10-33

R. Eke, L. Chigbu, and W. Nwachukwu, High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in a suburb of Aba Town, Nigeria. Ann of, Afr Med, vol.5, pp.42-45, 2006.

E. Achidi, H. Perlmann, and K. Berzins, antigens in blood donors from Ibadan, south-western Nigeria, Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, vol.45, issue.6, pp.601-610, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.781840

D. Njama-meya, M. Kamya, and G. Dorsey, Asymptomatic parasitaemia as a risk factor for symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Ugandan children, Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol.84, issue.8, pp.862-868, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01228-9

R. Coleman, N. Maneechai, N. Rachaphaew, C. Kumpitak, R. Miller et al., Comparison of field and expert laboratory microscopy for active surveillance for asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in western Thailand, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.67, pp.141-144, 2002.

A. Richards, L. Smith, L. Mullany, C. Lee, E. Whichard et al., Prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in active conflict areas of eastern Burma: a summary of cross-sectional data, Conflict and Health, vol.1, issue.1, p.9, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1752-1505-1-9

B. Mohanna, M. , B. Ghouth, A. Rajaa, and Y. , Malaria signs and infection rate among asymptomatic schoolchildren in Hajr Valley, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J, vol.13, pp.35-40, 2007.

M. Roper, R. Torres, C. Goicochea, E. Andersen, J. Guarda et al., The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.62, pp.247-256, 2000.

F. Alves, R. Durlacher, M. Menezes, H. Krieger, L. Silva et al., High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazonian populations, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.66, pp.641-648, 2002.

B. Roshanravan, E. Kari, R. Gilman, L. Cabrera, E. Lee et al., Endemic malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.69, pp.45-52, 2003.

T. Marcano, A. Morgado, C. Tosta, and J. Coura, Cross-sectional study defines difference in malaria morbidity in two Yanomami communities on Amazonian boundary between Brazil and Venezuela, Mem??rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.99, issue.4, pp.369-376, 2004.
DOI : 10.1590/S0074-02762004000400005

O. Branch, W. Casapia, D. Gamboa, J. Hernandez, F. Alava et al., Clustered local transmission and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic Peruvian Amazon community, Malaria Journal, vol.4, issue.1, p.27, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-4-27

C. Cerutti, . Jr, M. Boulos, A. Coutinho, C. Hatabmdo et al., Epidemiologic aspects of the malaria transmission cycle in an area of very low incidence in Brazil, Malaria Journal, vol.6, issue.1, p.33, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-6-33

E. Fugikaha, P. Fornazari, S. Rde, A. Lorenzetti, R. Maroso et al., Molecular screening of Plasmodium sp. asymptomatic carriers among transfusion centers from Brazilian Amazon region, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S??o Paulo, vol.49, issue.1, pp.1-4, 2007.
DOI : 10.1590/S0036-46652007000100001

L. Gil, M. Tada, T. Katsuragawa, P. Ribolla, and L. Da-silva, Urban and suburban malaria in Rond??nia (Brazilian Western Amazon) II: perennial transmissions with high anopheline densities are associated with human environmental changes, Mem??rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.102, issue.3, pp.271-276, 2007.
DOI : 10.1590/S0074-02762007005000013

M. Suárez-mutis, P. Cuervo, F. Leoratti, S. Moraes-avila, A. Ferreira et al., Cross sectional study reveals a high percentage of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infection in the Amazon Rio Negro area, Brazil, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S??o Paulo, vol.49, issue.3, pp.159-164, 2007.
DOI : 10.1590/S0036-46652007000300005

Z. Cucunubá, A. Guerra, S. Rahirant, J. Rivera, L. Cortés et al., Asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection in Tierralta, Colombia, Mem??rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.103, issue.7, pp.668-673, 2008.
DOI : 10.1590/S0074-02762008000700007

I. Harris, W. Sharrock, L. Bain, K. Gray, A. Bobogare et al., A large proportion of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections with low and sub-microscopic parasite densities in the low transmission setting of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: challenges for malaria diagnostics in an elimination setting, Malaria Journal, vol.9, issue.1, p.254, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-9-254

P. Lee, C. Liu, H. Rampao, V. Rosario, and M. Shaio, Pre-elimination of malaria on the island of Pr??ncipe, Malaria Journal, vol.9, issue.1, p.26, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-9-26

C. John, M. Riedesel, N. Magak, K. Lindblade, D. Menge et al., Akhwale W: Possible interruption of malaria transmission, highland Kenya, 2007.

S. Fernando, R. Abeyasinghe, G. Galappaththy, and L. Rajapaksa, Absence of Asymptomatic Malaria Infections in Previously High Endemic Areas of Sri Lanka, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.81, issue.5, pp.763-767, 2009.
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0042

E. Ghh, Malaria in Iran: past and present situation, Irainian J Parasitol, vol.1, pp.1-14, 2006.

J. Cohen, D. Smith, A. Vallely, G. Taleo, and O. Sabot, Holding the line. Shrinking the malaria map: a prospectus on malaria elimination. The Global Health Group, pp.40-60, 2009.

G. Snounou, S. Viriyakosol, W. Jarra, S. Thaithong, and K. Brown, Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.58, issue.2, pp.283-292, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90050-8

I. Soares, G. Levitus, J. Souza, D. Portillo, H. Rodrigues et al., Acquired immune responses to the N-and C-terminal regions of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 in individuals exposed to malaria, Infect Immun, vol.65, pp.1606-1614, 1997.

I. Soares, M. Da-cunha, M. Silva, J. Souza, D. Portillo et al., Longevity of naturally acquired antibody responses to the N-andC-terminal regions of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.60, pp.357-363, 1999.

A. Mehrizi, S. Zakeri, A. Salmanian, M. Sanati, and N. Djadid, IgG subclasses pattern and high-avidity antibody to the C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium vivax in an unstable hypoendemic region in Iran, Acta Tropica, vol.112, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.05.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00751818

S. Zakeri, A. Mehrizi, S. Zoghi, and N. Djadid, Non-variant specific antibody responses to the C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein-1 of Plasmodium falciparum (PfMSP-119) in Iranians exposed to unstable malaria transmission, Malaria Journal, vol.9, issue.1, p.257, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-9-257

K. Hedman, M. Lappalainen, I. Seppaia, and O. Makela, Recent Primary Toxoplasma Infection Indicated by a Low Avidity of Specific IgG, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.159, issue.4, pp.736-740, 1989.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/159.4.736

L. Okell, A. Ghani, E. Lyons, and C. Drakeley, ???Endemic Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta???Analysis, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.200, issue.10, pp.1509-1526, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/644781

P. Corran, P. Coleman, E. Riley, and C. Drakeley, Serology: a robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity? Trends Parasitol, pp.575-82, 2007.

C. Drakeley and J. Cook, Chapter 5 Potential Contribution of Sero???Epidemiological Analysis for Monitoring Malaria Control and Elimination: Historical and Current Perspectives, Adv Parasitol, vol.69, pp.299-352, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-308X(09)69005-9

J. Cook, H. Reid, J. Iavro, M. Kuwahata, G. Taleo et al., Using serological measures to monitor changes in malaria transmission in Vanuatu, Malaria Journal, vol.9, issue.1, p.169, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-9-169

C. Drakeley, P. Corran, P. Coleman, J. Tongren, S. Mcdonald et al., Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.14, pp.5108-5113, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0408725102

C. Frota, E. Fontes, R. Bichat, and O. Fernandes, Application of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies avidity test, J Bras Pat Med Lab, vol.37, pp.98-99, 2001.

A. Mehrizi, S. Asgharpour, A. Salmanian, N. Djadid, and S. Zakeri, IgG subclass antibodies to three variants of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00754978