S. Ottmani, L. Laasri, P. Chaulet, P. Dolin, N. Bencheikh et al., La tuberculose et la lutte antituberculeuse au Maroc de 1980 a ` 1998 (Ministry of Health of Morocco website Available: http:// www.sante.gov, Bull Epidem, vol.35, p.2811, 1998.

S. Geneva, Global Tuberculosis control: WHO report 2011 World Health Organization: 246. Available: http://www.who.int/ tb, WHO, 2011.

P. Barnes and M. Cave, Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.349, issue.12, pp.1149-1156, 2003.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra021964

J. Kamerbeek, L. Schouls, A. Kolk, M. Van-agterveld, and D. Van-soolingen, Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology, J Clin Microbiol, vol.35, pp.907-914, 1997.

R. Frothingham and W. Meeker-o-'connell, Genetic diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on variable numbers of tandem DNA repeats, Microbiology, vol.144, issue.5, pp.1189-1196, 1998.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-144-5-1189

P. Supply, M. J. Himpens, S. Locht, and C. , Identification of novel intergenic repetitive units in a mycobacterial two-component system operon, Molecular Microbiology, vol.26, issue.5, pp.991-1003, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.6361999.x

P. Supply, S. Lesjean, E. Savine, K. Kremer, and D. Van-soolingen, Automated High-Throughput Genotyping for Study of Global Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.39, issue.10, pp.3563-3571, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.39.10.3563-3571.2001

P. Supply, C. Allix, S. Lesjean, M. Cardoso-oelemann, and S. Rüsch-gerdes, Proposal for Standardization of Optimized Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.44, issue.12, pp.4498-4510, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01392-06

C. Sola, I. Filliol, E. Legrand, S. Lesjean, and C. Locht, Genotyping of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using MIRUs: association with VNTR and spoligotyping for molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.3, issue.2, pp.125-133, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1567-1348(03)00011-X

E. Mazars, S. Lesjean, A. Banuls, M. Gilbert, and V. Vincent, High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.4, pp.1901-1906, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1901

K. Brudey, J. Driscoll, L. Rigouts, W. Prodinger, and A. Gori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology, BMC Microbiology, vol.6, issue.1, p.23, 2006.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2180-6-23

C. Demay, B. Liens, T. Burguière, V. Hill, and D. Couvin, SITVITWEB ??? A publicly available international multimarker database for studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.12, issue.4, pp.755-766, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.02.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00691750

N. Rastogi, C. Sola, J. Palomino, S. Leao, and V. Ritacco, Molecular evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex Tuberculosis 2007: from basic science to patient care. Amedeo Online Textbooks, pp.53-91, 2007.

D. García-de-viedma, I. Mokrousov, and N. Rastogi, Innovations in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis, Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiolog??a Cl??nica, vol.29, pp.8-13, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0213-005X(11)70012-X

E. Baghdadi, J. Lazraq, R. Ibrahimy, S. Benslimane, and A. , Molecular typing of Morrocan strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bull Soc Patholl Exot, vol.9, pp.156-159, 1997.

O. Lahlou, Mycobactérium tuberculosis:R e ´sistance aux antibacillaires, dosage de l'isoniazide et typage moléculaire de souches isolées au Maroc, 1998.

L. Tazi, R. R. Anne-laure, and B. , Tuberculosis transmission in a high incidence area: A retrospective molecular epidemiological study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Casablanca, Morocco, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.7, issue.5, pp.636-644, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.06.005

S. Sreevatsan, X. Pan, K. Stockbauer, N. Connell, and B. Kreiswirth, Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.18, pp.9869-9874, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9869

R. Brosch, S. Gordon, M. Marmiesse, P. Brodin, and C. Buchrieser, complex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.6, pp.3684-3689, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.052548299

S. Gagneux and P. Small, Global phylogeography of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and implications for tuberculosis product development, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.5, pp.328-337, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70108-1

S. Kulkani, C. Sola, I. Filliol, N. Rastogi, and G. Kadival, Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Mumbai, India Res Microbiol, vol.156, pp.588-596, 2005.

H. Mardassi, A. Namouchi, R. Haltiti, M. Zarrouk, and B. Mhenni, Tuberculosis due to Resistant Haarlem Strain, Tunisia, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.11, issue.6, pp.957-961, 2005.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1106.041365
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00874087

I. Filliol, J. Driscoll, D. Van-soolingen, B. Kreiswirth, and K. Kremer, Global Distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spoligotypes, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.11, pp.1347-1349, 2002.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0811.020125

I. Filliol, J. Driscoll, D. Van-soolingen, B. Kreiswirth, and K. Kremer, Snapshot of Moving and Expanding Clones of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Their Global Distribution Assessed by Spoligotyping in an International Study, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.5, pp.1963-1970, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.41.5.1963-1970.2003

A. Namouchi, A. Karboul, B. Mhenni, N. Khabouchi, and R. Haltiti, Genetic profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tunisia: predominance and evidence for the establishment of a few genotypes, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.57, issue.7, pp.864-872, 2008.
DOI : 10.1099/jmm.0.47483-0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00871799

S. Niobe-eyangoh, C. Kuaban, P. Sorlin, J. Thonnon, and V. Vincent, Molecular Characteristics of Strains of the Cameroon Family, the Major Group of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Country with a High Prevalence of Tuberculosis, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.42, issue.11, pp.5029-5035, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5029-5035.2004

M. Abitbol, Histoire du Maroc Paris: Editions Perrin ISBN : 978- 2-262-02388-1. Available, p.756, 2009.

P. Bifani, B. Mathema, N. Kurepina, and B. Kreiswirth, Global dissemination of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-Beijing family strains, Trends in Microbiology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.45-52, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02277-6

J. Glynn, J. Whiteley, P. Bifani, K. Kremer, and D. Van-soolingen, : A Systematic Review, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.8, pp.843-849, 2002.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0805.020002

D. Van-soolingen, L. Qian, P. De-hass, J. Douglas, and H. Traore, Predominance of a single genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in countries of East Asia, J Clin Microbiol, vol.33, pp.3238-3238, 1995.

J. Millet, C. Miyagi-shiohira, N. Yamane, I. Mokrousov, and N. Rastogi, High-resolution MIRU-VNTRs typing reveals the unique nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype in Okinawa, Japan, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.12, issue.4, pp.637-641, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00691758

I. Mokrousov, W. Jiao, V. Valcheva, A. Vyazovaya, and T. Otten, Rapid Detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype and Its Ancient and Modern Sublineages by IS6110-Based Inverse PCR, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.44, issue.8, pp.2851-2856, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00705-06

N. Vijaya-bhanu, D. Van-soolingen, J. Van-embden, L. Dar, and R. Pandey, Predominace of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotype in the Delhi region of India, Tuberculosis, vol.82, issue.2-3, pp.105-112, 2002.
DOI : 10.1054/tube.2002.0332

D. Bennet, I. Onorato, B. Ellis, J. Crawford, and B. Schable, DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from epidemiologically case pairs, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.8, pp.1224-1229, 2002.

R. Diel, S. Svchneider, K. Meywald-walter, C. Ruf, and S. Rusch-gerdes, Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Hamburg, Germany: Long-Term Population-Based Analysis Applying Classical and Molecular Epidemiological Techniques, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.531-539, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.40.2.532-539.2002

P. Easterbrook, A. Gibson, S. Murad, D. Lamprecht, and N. Ives, High Rates of Clustering of Strains Causing Tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a Molecular Epidemiological Study, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.42, issue.10, pp.4536-4544, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4536-4544.2004

S. Verver, R. Warren, Z. Munch, E. Vynnycky, and P. Van-helden, Transmission of tuberculosis in a high incidence urban community in South Africa, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.351-357, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyh021

N. Alonso-rodríguez, M. Martínez-lirola, M. Herránz, M. Sanchez-benitez, and P. Barroso, Evaluation of the new advanced 15-loci MIRU-VNTR genotyping tool in Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology studies, BMC Microbiology, vol.8, issue.1, p.34, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2180-8-34

R. Groenheit, S. Ghebremichael, J. Svensson, P. Rabna, and R. Colombatti, The Guinea-Bissau family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex revisited. PLoS One, p.18601, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00691761

H. David, V. Levy-frébault, and M. Thorel, Méthodes de laboratoire pour mycobactériologie Clinique, 1987.

J. Millet, C. Miyagi-shiohira, N. Yamane, C. Sola, and N. Rastogi, Assessment of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-QUB Markers To Further Discriminate the Beijing Genotype in a Population-Based Study of the Genetic Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates from Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.45, issue.11, pp.3606-3615, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00348-07

H. Soini, X. Pan, A. Amin, E. Graviss, and A. Siddiqui, Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients in Houston, Texas, by spoligotyping, J Clin Microbiol, vol.38, pp.669-676, 2000.

P. Hunter and M. Gaston, Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson's index of diversity, J Clin Microbiol, vol.26, pp.2465-2466, 1988.

P. Small, P. Hopewell, S. Singh, A. Paz, and J. Parsonnet, The Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in San Francisco -- A Population-Based Study Using Conventional and Molecular Methods, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.330, issue.24, pp.1703-1709, 1994.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199406163302402