J. Brossolet and H. Mollaret, Pourquoi la peste? Le rat, la puce et le bubon, 1994.

J. Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens, 2 vols, 1975.

D. Raoult, G. Aboudharam, E. Crubézy, G. Larrouy, and B. Ludes, Molecular identification by "suicide PCR" of Yersinia pestis as the agent of Medieval Black Death, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.23, pp.12800-12803, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.220225197
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00157003

M. Drancourt, G. Aboudharam, M. Signoli, O. Dutour, and D. Raoult, Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: An approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.21, pp.12637-12640, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12637

I. Wiechmann and G. Grupe, Detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in two early medieval skeletal finds from Aschheim (Upper Bavaria, 2004.

C. Pusch, L. Rahalison, N. Blin, J. Graeme, and A. Czarnetzki, Yersinial F1 antigen and the cause of Black Death, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.4, issue.8, pp.484-485, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01099-0

R. Bianucci, L. Rahalison, E. Massa, A. Peluso, and E. Ferroglio, Technical note: A rapid diagnostic test detects plague in ancient human remains: An example of the interaction between archeological and biological approaches (southeastern France, 16th???18th centuries), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.126, issue.4, pp.361-367, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.20818
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00377597

R. Devignat, Variétés de l'espèce Pasteurella pestis. Nouvelle hypothèse, Bull World Hlth Org, vol.4, pp.247-263, 1951.

M. Achtman, G. Morelli, P. Zhu, T. Wirth, and I. Diehl, Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.51, pp.17837-17842, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0408026101

V. Motin, A. Georgescu, J. Elliott, P. Hu, and P. Worsham, Genetic Variability of Yersinia pestis Isolates as Predicted by PCR-Based IS100 Genotyping and Analysis of Structural Genes Encoding Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (glpD), Journal of Bacteriology, vol.184, issue.4, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.184.4.1019-1027.2002

M. Drancourt, V. Roux, L. Dang, L. Tran-hung, and D. Castex, , and Plague Pandemics, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.9, pp.1585-1592, 2004.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1009.030933

M. Drancourt, M. Signoli, L. Dang, B. Bizot, and V. Roux, Orientalis in Remains of Ancient Plague Patients, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.2, pp.332-333, 2007.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1302.060197

J. Byrne, The Black Death, pp.21-29, 2004.

S. Scott and C. Duncan, Biology of plagues: evidence from historical populations, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511542527

G. Karlsson, Plague without rats: The case of fifteenth-century Iceland, Journal of Medieval History, vol.334, issue.3, pp.263-284, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-4181(96)00017-6

S. Cohn and J. , The Black Death transformed: Disease and culture in early Renaissance Europe, 2002.

R. Eisen, L. Eisen, and K. Gage, Studies of Vector Competency and Efficiency of North American Fleas for <I>Yersinia pestis</I>: State of the Field and Future Research Needs, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.46, issue.4, pp.737-744, 2009.
DOI : 10.1603/033.046.0403

M. Gilbert, J. Cuccui, W. White, N. Lynnerup, and R. Titball, Absence of Yersinia pestis-specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims, Microbiology, vol.150, issue.2, pp.341-354, 2004.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.26594-0

R. Bianucci, L. Rahalison, E. Ferroglio, E. Massa, and M. Signoli, D??tection de l'antig??ne F1 de Yersinia pestis dans les restes humains anciens ?? l'aide d'un test de diagnostic rapide, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.330, issue.10, pp.747-754, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.07.007

R. Bianucci, L. Rahalison, A. Peluso, R. Massa, E. Ferroglio et al., Plague immunodetection in remains of religious exhumed from burial sites in central France, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.36, issue.3, pp.616-621, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2008.10.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00377544

M. Achtman, K. Zurth, G. Morelli, G. Torrea, and A. Guiyoule, Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.96, issue.24, pp.14043-14048, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.24.14043

J. Shrewsbury, A history of bubonic plague in the British Isles, 1970.

J. Hatcher, Plague, population and the English economy 1348?1530, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-03149-8

R. Van-wageningen, Ceramiekimporten in Amsterdam: een mineralogisch herkomstonderzoek, 1988.

G. Vergnaud, Yersinia pestis genotyping, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.11, pp.1317-1325, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01158314

G. Morelli, Y. Song, C. Mazzoni, M. Eppinger, and P. Roumagnac, Phylogenetic diversity and historical patterns of pandemic spread of Yersinia pestis, Nature Gen

W. Haak, P. Forster, B. Bramanti, S. Matsumura, and G. Brandt, Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old Neolithic sites, Science, vol.310, pp.1016-1018, 2005.

B. Bramanti, M. Thomas, W. Haak, M. Unterlä-nder, and P. Jores, Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers, Science, vol.326, issue.5949, pp.137-140, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1176869

R. Perry and J. Fetherston, Yersinia pestis -etiologic agent of plague, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.10, pp.35-66, 1997.

S. Chanteau, L. Rahalison, L. Ralafiarisoa, J. Foulon, and M. Ratsitorahina, Development and testing of a rapid diagnostic test for bubonic and pneumonic plague, The Lancet, vol.361, issue.9353, pp.211-216, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12270-2