J. Whitehouse, N. Friedman, K. Kirkland, W. Richardson, and D. Sexton, Conclusions:, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.04, pp.183-189, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0196-6553(05)80148-8

J. Acar, Consequences of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Medical Practice, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.24, issue.Supplement 1, pp.17-18, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/24.Supplement_1.S17

P. Hsueh, M. Chen, C. Sun, W. Chen, H. Pan et al., Antimicrobial drug resistance in pathogens causing nosocomial infections at a university hospital in Taiwan, Emerg Infect. Dis, vol.8, pp.1981-1999, 2002.

F. Tenover and J. Hughes, The Challenges of Emerging Infectious Diseases, JAMA, vol.275, issue.4, pp.300-304, 1996.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1996.03530280052036

J. Decousser, P. Pfister, X. Xueref, O. Rakoto-alson, and J. Roux, Acquired resistance to antibiotics in Madagascar: preliminary evaluation, Med. Trop, vol.59, pp.259-265, 1999.

F. Randrianirina, J. Soares, E. Ratsima, J. Carod, P. Combe et al., In vitro activities of 18 antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, vol.6, issue.1, p.5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1476-0711-6-5

F. Randrianirina, J. Soares, J. Carod, E. Ratsima, V. Thonnier et al., Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in Antananarivo, Madagascar, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.59, issue.2, pp.309-312, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkl466
URL : http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/59/2/309

P. Probhakar, D. Roje, D. Castle, B. Rat, P. Fletcher et al., Nosocomial surgical infections: Incidence and cost in a developing country, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.11, issue.2, pp.51-56, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0196-6553(83)90099-8

N. Kasatpibal, S. Jamulitrat, and V. Chongsuvivatwong, Standardized incidence rates of surgical site infection: A multicenter study in Thailand, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.33, issue.10, pp.587-594, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2004.11.012

M. Saadatian-elahi, R. Teyssou, and P. Vanhems, Staphylococcus aureus, the major pathogen in orthopaedic and cardiac surgical site infections: A literature review, International Journal of Surgery, vol.6, issue.3, pp.238-283, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsu.2007.05.001

J. Pieboji, S. Koulla-shiro, P. Ngassam, D. Adiogo, T. Njine et al., Antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacilli isolates from inpatients and outpatients at Yaounde Central Hospital, Cameroon, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.3, pp.147-154, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2004.01.001

E. Kholy, A. Baseem, H. Hall, G. Procop, G. Longworth et al., Antimicrobial resistance in Cairo, Egypt 1999-2000: a survey of five hospitals, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.3, pp.625-655, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkg101

A. Bayram and I. Balci, Patterns of antimicrobial resistance in a surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital in Turkey, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.27, issue.1, p.155, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199905000-00020

M. Saïdani, I. Boutiba, R. Ghozzi, A. Kammoun, B. Redjeb et al., Profil bact??riologique des??bact??ri??mies ????germes multir??sistants ????l'h??pital Charles-Nicolle de??Tunis, M??decine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.36, issue.3, pp.163-66, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2005.06.010

A. Brink, J. Moolman, D. Silva, M. Botha, and M. , Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of selected bacteraemic pathogens from private institutions in South Africa, South African Medical Journal, vol.97, pp.273-279, 2007.

C. Nnis, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from, Am J Infect Control, vol.32, pp.470-485, 1992.

W. Sligl, G. Taylor, and P. Brindley, Five years of nosocomial Gram-negative bacteremia in a general intensive care unit: epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and outcomes, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.4, pp.320-345, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2005.07.003