Y. Abdulrazzaq, A. Bener, L. Gazali, A. Khayat, R. Micallef et al., A study of possible deleterious effects of consanguinity, Clinical Genetics, vol.72, issue.suppl, pp.167-173, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02447.x

K. Acevedo-whitehouse, F. Gulland, D. Greig, and A. W. , Inbreeding: Disease susceptibility in California sea lions, Nature, vol.99, issue.6927, p.35, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/422035a

W. Ahmad, Reflections on the consanguinity and birth outcome debate, Journal of Public Health, vol.16, issue.4, pp.423-428, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a043023

S. Al-awadi, M. Moussa, K. Naguib, T. Farag, A. Teebi et al., Consanguinity among the Kuwaiti population, Clinical Genetics, vol.1, issue.5, pp.483-486, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1985.tb00236.x

S. Al-awadi, K. Naguib, M. Moussa, T. Farag, A. Teebi et al., The effect of consanguineous marriages on reproductive wastage, Clinical Genetics, vol.2, issue.3, pp.384-388, 1986.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1986.tb00509.x

L. Al-gazali, A. Bener, Y. Abdulrazzaq, R. Micallef, A. Al-khayat et al., CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, Journal of Biosocial Science, vol.29, issue.4, pp.491-497, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021932097004914

M. Al-khabory and M. Patton, Consanguinity and deafness in Omani children, International Journal of Audiology, vol.110, issue.4, pp.30-33, 2008.
DOI : 10.3109/00206098209072735

A. Alwan and B. Modell, Community control of genetic and congenital disorders, 1997.

A. Alzolibani, Genetic epidemiology and heritability of vitiligo in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia, Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panon Adriat, vol.18, pp.119-125, 2009.

N. Ba?aran, B. Sayli, A. Ba?aran, M. Solak, S. Artan et al., Consanguineous marriages in the Turkish population, Clinical Genetics, vol.20, issue.5, pp.339-341, 1988.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02888.x

B. Arab, S. Chalbi, and N. , Consanguinity and its effects in the Governorate of Bizerte (French), Tunis Med, vol.62, pp.551-554, 1984.

B. Arab, S. Masmoudi, S. Beltaief, N. Hachicha, S. Ayadi et al., Consanguinity and endogamy in Northern Tunisia and its impact on non-syndromic deafness, Genetic Epidemiology, vol.148, issue.1, pp.74-79, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/gepi.10321

M. Ben and A. Rad, Demographic situation in Tunisia at the end of 1985. Study Series I, p.66, 1986.

B. Mrad, L. Chalbi, and N. , Is the matrimonial choice transmittable in Tunisia, Anthropo, vol.7, pp.31-37, 2004.

B. Mrad, L. Chalbi, and N. , Locality of residence origin of the spouses and consanguinity in Tunisia, Anthropo, vol.12, pp.63-71, 2006.

A. Bener and K. Alali, CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN A NEWLY DEVELOPED COUNTRY: THE QATARI POPULATION, Journal of Biosocial Science, vol.38, issue.02, pp.239-246, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021932004007060

A. Bener and R. Hussain, Consanguineous unions and child health in the State of Qatar, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, vol.76, issue.5, pp.372-378, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/tropej/47.1.13

A. Bener, Y. Abdulrazzaq, L. Gazali, R. Micallef, A. Al-khayat et al., Consanguinity and Associated Socio-Demographic Factors in the United Arab Emirates, Human Heredity, vol.46, issue.5, pp.256-264, 1996.
DOI : 10.1159/000154362

A. Bener, S. Denic, and M. Mazrouei, Consanguinity and family history of cancer in children with leukemia and lymphomas, Cancer, vol.11, issue.Suppl, pp.1-6, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0142(20010701)92:1<1::AID-CNCR1284>3.0.CO;2-Y

A. Bener, H. Ayoubi, L. Chouchane, A. Ali, A. Kubaisi et al., Impact of consanguinity on cancer in a highly endogamous population, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, vol.10, pp.35-40, 2009.

A. Bittles and M. Black, Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.suppl_1, pp.1779-1786, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0906079106

A. Bittles and J. Neel, The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variations at the DNA level, Nature Genetics, vol.69, issue.2, pp.117-121, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90348-9

A. Bittles, J. Grant, S. Sullivan, and R. Hussain, Does inbreeding lead to decreased human fertility?, Annals of Human Biology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.111-130, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/03014460110075657

H. Campbell, I. Rudan, A. Bittles, and A. Wright, Human population structure, genome autozygosity and human health, Genome Medicine, vol.1, issue.9, p.91, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/gm91

A. Carothers, I. Rudan, I. Kolcic, O. Polasek, C. Hayward et al., Estimating Human Inbreeding Coefficients: Comparison of Genealogical and Marker Heterozygosity Approaches, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.70, issue.2, pp.666-676, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/279872

L. Cavalli-sforza, M. Kimura, and I. Barrai, The probability of consanguineous marriages, Genetics, vol.54, pp.37-60, 1966.

N. Chalbi and D. Zakaria, Models of family, endogamy and consanguinity in Tunis, Essais de mesure Famille et population, vol.1, pp.39-59, 1998.

D. Charlesworth and B. Charlesworth, Inbreeding Depression and its Evolutionary Consequences, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.18, issue.1, pp.237-268, 1987.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001321

B. Charlesworth and K. Hughes, Age-specific inbreeding depression and components of genetic variance in relation to the evolution of senescence., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.12, pp.6140-6145, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.12.6140

G. Chéhab, W. Shalak, B. Gerbaka, and Z. Saliba, Inflammatory heart diseases in childhood: Lebanese epidemiological survey, J Med Liban, vol.54, pp.124-131, 2006.

E. Gazzah, L. Chalbi, N. , B. Hamida, and M. , Effect of consanguinity on certain hereditary-degenerative spinocerebellar diseases in Tunisia (French), Tunis Med, vol.63, pp.71-77, 1985.

M. El-hazmi, A. Swailem, A. Warsy, A. Swailem, R. Sulaimani et al., Consanguinity among the Saudi Arabian population., Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.32, issue.8, pp.623-626, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/jmg.32.8.623

L. Farrer, A. Bowirrat, R. Friedland, K. Waraska, A. Korczyn et al., Identification of multiple loci for Alzheimer disease in a consanguineous Israeli-Arab community, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.12, issue.4, pp.415-422, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddg037

J. Fay, G. Wyckoff, and C. Wu, Positive and negative selection on the human genome, Genetics, vol.158, pp.1227-1234, 2001.

A. Gropman and D. Adams, Atypical Patterns of Inheritance, Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.34-45, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.spen.2006.11.007

A. Gunaid, N. Hummad, and K. Tamim, CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN THE CAPITAL CITY SANAA, YEMEN, Journal of Biosocial Science, vol.36, issue.1, pp.111-121, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021932003006138

H. Hamamy, Consanguineous marriages, Journal of Community Genetics, vol.152, issue.Suppl 1, pp.185-192, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s12687-011-0072-y

H. Hamamy, L. Jamhawi, J. Al-darawsheh, and K. Ajlouni, Consanguineous marriages in Jordan: why is the rate changing with time?, Clinical Genetics, vol.58, issue.4, pp.511-516, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00426.x

H. Hamamy, A. Masri, A. Hadidy, and K. Ajlouni, Consanguinity and genetic disorders. Profile from Jordan, Saudi Med J, vol.28, pp.1015-1017, 2007.

H. Hamamy, S. Antonarakis, L. Cavalli-sforza, S. Temtamy, G. Romeo et al., Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop Report, Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop report, pp.841-847, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/GIM.0b013e318217477f

Z. Hijazi and M. Haider, Influence of consanguinity and IgE receptor genotypes on clinical manifestations of asthma in Kuwaiti children, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, vol.47, issue.1, pp.13-16, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/tropej/47.1.13

R. Hussain, The impact of consanguinity and inbreeding on perinatal mortality in Karachi, Pakistan, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, vol.12, issue.4, pp.370-382, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-3016.1998.00146.x

R. Hussain, COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF REASONS FOR PREFERENCE FOR CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN PAKISTAN, Journal of Biosocial Science, vol.31, issue.4, pp.449-461, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021932099004496

R. Hussain, A. Bittles, and S. Sullivan, Consanguinity and early mortality in the muslim populations of India and Pakistan, American Journal of Human Biology, vol.30, issue.6, pp.777-787, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/ajhb.1124

L. Jaber, T. Shohat, J. Rotter, and M. Shohat, Consanguinity and common adult diseases in Israeli Arab communities, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.26, issue.4, pp.346-348, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970627)70:4<346::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-R

I. Jaouad, S. Elalaoui, A. Sbiti, F. Elkerh, L. Belmahi et al., CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN MOROCCO AND THE CONSEQUENCE FOR THE INCIDENCE OF AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS, Journal of Biosocial Science, vol.15, issue.05, pp.575-581273, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1993

R. Jurdi and P. Saxena, THE PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN YEMEN: SIMILARITIES AND CONTRASTS WITH OTHER ARAB COUNTRIES, Journal of Biosocial Science, vol.35, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021932003000014

E. Kerkeni, K. Monastiri, B. Saket, M. Guediche, B. Cheikh et al., Interplay of socio-economic factors, consanguinity, fertility, and offspring mortality in Monastir, Tunisia, Croat Med J, vol.48, pp.701-707, 2007.

M. Khlat and M. Khoury, Inbreeding and Diseases: Demographic, Genetic, and Epidemiologic Perspectives, Epidemiologic Reviews, vol.13, issue.1, pp.28-41, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036072

M. Khlat, S. Halabi, A. Khudr, D. Kaloustian, and V. , Perception of consanguineous marriages and their genetic effects among a sample of couples from beirut, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.68, issue.2, pp.299-306, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.1320250215

S. Khoury and D. Massad, Consanguineous marriage in Jordan, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.1, issue.5, pp.769-775, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.1320430502

M. Khoury, B. Cohen, G. Chase, and E. Diamond, AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON PREREPRODUCTIVE MORTALITY, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.125, issue.2, pp.251-262, 1987.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114524

M. Kirin, R. Mcquillan, C. Franklin, H. Campbell, P. Mckeigue et al., Genomic runs of homozygosity record population history and consanguinity Consanguinity and ocular genetic diseases in South India: analysis of a five-year study, PLoS One Shridhara Shetty N Community Genet, vol.5, issue.5, pp.182-185, 2002.

M. Lathrop and G. Pison, Methode statistique d'etude de l'endogamie. Application a l'etude du choix du conjoint chez les Peul Bande, Population (French Edition), vol.37, issue.3, pp.513-554, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/1532170

T. Lencz, C. Lambert, P. Derosse, K. Burdick, T. Morgan et al., Runs of homozygosity reveal highly penetrant recessive loci in schizophrenia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.50, pp.19942-19947, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0710021104

H. Mansour, L. Klei, J. Wood, M. Talkowski, K. Chowdari et al., Consanguinity associated with increased risk for bipolar I disorder in Egypt, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol.34, issue.9, pp.879-885, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.b.30913

R. Mcquillan, A. Leutenegger, R. Abdel-rahman, C. Franklin, M. Pericic et al., Runs of Homozygosity in European Populations, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.83, issue.3, pp.359-372, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.08.007

A. Mechri, K. Rouissi, B. Mehdi, G. Khiari, S. Abdelhak et al., Influence of consanguinity on clinical characteristics and affective disorders frequency in relatives of bipolar I patients (French), Tunis Med, vol.85, pp.951-954, 2007.

E. Miller, M. Fadl, H. Mohamed, A. Elzein, S. Jamieson et al., Y Chromosome Lineage- and Village-Specific Genes on Chromosomes 1p22 and 6q27 Control Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan, PLoS Genetics, vol.30, issue.5, p.71, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030071.st001

M. Mokhtar and M. Fattah, Consanguinity and advanced maternal age as risk factors for reproductive losses in Alexandria, Egypt, European Journal of Epidemiology, vol.17, issue.6, pp.559-565, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1014567800950

M. Mokhtar, S. Kotb, and S. Ismail, Autosomal recessive disorders among patients attending the genetics clinic in Alexandria, East Mediterr Health J, vol.4, pp.470-497, 1998.

R. Mokhtari and B. Amrita, Consanguinity, genetic disorders and malformation in the Iranian population, Acta Biol Szeged, vol.47, pp.47-50, 2003.

R. Norio, Finnish Disease Heritage I: characteristics, causes, background, Hum Genet, vol.112, pp.441-456, 2003.

M. Nothnagel, T. Lu, M. Kayser, and M. Krawczak, Genomic and geographic distribution of SNP-defined runs of homozygosity in Europeans, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.19, issue.15, pp.2927-2935, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddq198

H. Ouragini, F. Cherif, S. Kassar, G. Floriddia, M. Pascucci et al., Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa phenotypes in a large consanguineous Tunisian family, Journal of Dermatological Science, vol.54, issue.2, pp.114-120, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.01.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01375196

H. Papponen, T. Toppinen, P. Baumann, V. Myllylä, J. Leisti et al., Founder mutations and the high prevalence of myotonia congenita in northern Finland, Neurology, vol.53, issue.2, pp.297-302, 1999.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.53.2.297

A. Rajab, M. Patton, and B. Modell, Study of hemoglobinopathies in Oman through a national register, Saudi Med J, vol.21, pp.1168-1172, 2000.

R. Rajkumar and V. Kashyap, Genetic structure of four socioculturally diversified caste populations of southwest India and their affinity with related Indian and global groups, BMC Genet, vol.19, pp.5-23, 2004.

M. Reddy, H. Bindu, P. Reddy, and R. U. , Role of consanguinity in congenital neurosensory deafness, Indian J Hum Genet, vol.6, pp.357-358, 2006.

S. Riou, E. Younsi, C. Chaabouni, and H. , Consanguinity in the population of northern Tunisia (French), Tunis Med, vol.67, pp.167-172, 1989.

L. Romdhane and S. Abdelhak, Genetic diseases in the Tunisian population, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, vol.4, issue.Suppl 1, pp.238-267
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.a.33771
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00606827

I. Rudan, D. Rudan, H. Campbell, A. Carothers, A. Wright et al., Inbreeding and risk of late onset complex disease, Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.40, issue.12, pp.925-932, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jmg.40.12.925

I. Rudan, T. Skari?-juri?, N. Smolej-naranci?, B. Jani?ijevi?, D. Rudan et al., Inbreeding and susceptibility to osteoporosis in Croatian island isolates, Coll Antropol, vol.28, pp.585-601, 2004.

I. Rudan, H. Campbell, A. Carothers, N. Hastie, and A. Wright, Contribution of consanguinuity to polygenic and multifactorial diseases, Nature Genetics, vol.38, issue.11, pp.1224-1225, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.4.2079-2086.2003

M. Saadat, M. Ansari-lari, and D. Farhud, Short ReportConsanguineous marriage in Iran, Annals of Human Biology, vol.28, issue.2, pp.263-269, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/03014460310001652211

A. Soliman, M. Zalabany, B. Bappal, I. Alsalmi, D. Silva et al., Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, mode of presentation, pathogenesis and growth, The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, vol.80, issue.6, pp.363-373, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02845526

C. Stoltenberg, P. Magnus, A. Skrondal, and R. Lie, Consanguinity and recurrence risk of birth defects: a population-based study, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.68, issue.5, pp.423-428, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990219)82:5<423::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-C

S. Sueyoshi and R. Ohtsuka, EFFECTS OF POLYGYNY AND CONSANGUINITY ON HIGH FERTILITY IN THE RURAL ARAB POPULATION IN SOUTH JORDAN, Journal of Biosocial Science, vol.35, issue.4, pp.513-526, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021932003005911

G. Tadmouri, A. Ali, M. , A. Ali, S. et al., CTGA: the database for genetic disorders in Arab populations, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.34, issue.90001, pp.602-606, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkj015

G. Tadmouri, P. Nair, T. Obeid, A. Ali, M. et al., Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs, Reproductive Health, vol.36, issue.6, p.17, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021932003006138

J. Taillemite, F. Daffos, N. Joyé, F. Forestier, M. Portnoi et al., Fetal karyotyping of fetal blood obtained from the umbilical vein using ultrasound, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.14, pp.315-319, 1985.

P. Tchen, E. Bois, J. Feingold, N. Feingold, and J. Kaplan, Inbreeding in recessive diseases, Human Genetics, vol.51, issue.suppl. 90, pp.163-167, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00527398

A. Teebi, Autosomal recessive disorders among Arabs: an overview from Kuwait., Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.31, issue.3, pp.224-233, 1994.
DOI : 10.1136/jmg.31.3.224

A. Teebi, T. Farag, C. Woods, J. Cox, K. Springell et al., Genetic disorders among Arab populations Oxford monographs on medical genetics 30 Quantification of homozygosity in consanguineous individuals with autosomal recessive disease, Am J Hum Genet, vol.78, pp.889-896, 1996.

S. Wright, Coefficients of Inbreeding and Relationship, The American Naturalist, vol.56, issue.645, pp.330-338, 1922.
DOI : 10.1086/279872

A. Wright, B. Charlesworth, I. Rudan, A. Carothers, and H. Campbell, A polygenic basis for late-onset disease, Trends in Genetics, vol.19, issue.2, pp.97-106, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)00033-1

K. Yunis, G. Mumtaz, F. Bitar, F. Chamseddine, M. Kassar et al., Consanguineous marriage and congenital heart defects: a case?control study in the neonatal period, Am J Med Genet A, vol.140, pp.1524-1530, 2006.

J. Zlotogora, Dominance and homozygosity, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.56, issue.4, pp.412-416, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970211)68:4<412::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-N

J. Zlotogora, Genetic disorders among Palestinian Arabs: 1. Effects of consanguinity, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.27, issue.4, pp.472-475, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970211)68:4<472::AID-AJMG20>3.0.CO;2-O

J. Zlotogora, Y. Hujerat, S. Barges, S. Shalev, and A. Chakravarti, The Fate of 12 Recessive Mutations in A Single Village, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.34, issue.2, pp.202-208, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/gte.2006.10.40