T. Edlund and T. Jessell, Progression from Extrinsic to Intrinsic Signaling in Cell Fate Specification, Cell, vol.96, issue.2, pp.211-224, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80561-9

I. Ruiz and A. Altaba, Planar and vertical signals in the induction and patterning of the Xenopus nervous system, Development, vol.115, pp.67-80, 1992.

N. Bertrand, D. Castro, and F. Guillemot, Proneural genes and the specification of neural cell types, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.3, issue.7, pp.517-547, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn874
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00311245

M. Petryniak, G. Potter, D. Rowitch, and J. Rubenstein, Dlx1 and Dlx2 Control Neuronal versus Oligodendroglial Cell Fate Acquisition in the Developing Forebrain, Neuron, vol.55, issue.3, pp.417-450, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.036

E. Kim, J. Battiste, Y. Nakagawa, and J. Johnson, Ascl1 (Mash1) lineage cells contribute to discrete cell populations in CNS architecture, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.38, issue.4, pp.595-606, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.008

T. Kelly, S. Karsten, D. Geshwind, and H. Kornblum, Cell Lineage and Regional Identity of Cultured Spinal Cord Neural Stem Cells and Comparison to Brain-Derived Neural Stem Cells, PLoS ONE, vol.261, issue.1, p.4213, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0004213.s008

S. Hitoshi, V. Tropepe, M. Ekker, and D. Van-der-kooy, Neural stem cell lineages are regionally specified, but not committed, within distinct compartments of the developing brain, Development, vol.129, pp.233-277, 2002.

M. Zappone, R. Galli, R. Catena, N. Meani, D. Biasi et al., Sox2 regulatory sequences direct expression of a b-geo transgene to telencephalic neural stem cells and precursors of the mouse embryo, revealing regionalization of gene expression in CNS stem cells, Development, vol.127, pp.2367-2382, 2000.

T. Kallur, V. Darsalia, O. Lindvall, and Z. Kokaia, Human fetal cortical and striatal neural stem cells generate region-specific neurons in vitro and differentiate extensively to neurons after intrastriatal transplantation in neonatal rats, Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol.127, issue.8, pp.1630-1644, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jnr.21066

M. Onorati, M. Binetti, L. Conti, S. Camnasio, and G. Calabrese, Preservation of positional identity in fetus-derived neural stem (NS) cells from different mouse central nervous system compartments, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.38, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1769-83, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00018-010-0548-7

C. Goridis and H. Rohrer, Specification of catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.3, issue.7, pp.531-541, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn871

O. Saucedo-cardenas, J. Quintana-hau, W. Le, M. Smidt, and J. Cox, Nurr1 is essential for the induction of the dopaminergic phenotype and the survival of ventral mesencephalic late dopaminergic precursor neurons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.7, pp.4013-4018, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.7.4013

C. Perrone-capano and D. Porzio, Genetic and epigenetic control of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development, Int J Dev Biol, vol.44, pp.679-687, 2000.

M. Smidt, C. Asbreuk, J. Cox, H. Chen, and R. Johnson, A second independent pathway for development of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons requires Lmx1b, Nat Neurosci, vol.3, pp.337-341, 2000.

H. Simon, H. Saueressig, W. Wurst, M. Goulding, O. Leary et al., Fate of midbrain dopaminergic neurons controlled by the engrailed genes, J Neurosci, vol.21, pp.3126-3134, 2001.

A. ?. Wallén, R. Zetterstrom, L. Solomin, M. Arvidsson, and L. Olson, Fate of Mesencephalic AHD2-Expressing Dopamine Progenitor Cells in Nurr1 Mutant Mice, Experimental Cell Research, vol.253, issue.2, pp.737-746, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/excr.1999.4691

R. Zetterström, L. Solomin, L. Jansson, B. Hoffer, and L. Olson, Dopamine Neuron Agenesis in Nurr1-Deficient Mice, Science, vol.276, issue.5310, pp.248-250, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5310.248

S. Castillo, J. Baffi, M. Palkovits, D. Goldstein, and I. Kopin, Dopamine Biosynthesis Is Selectively Abolished in Substantia Nigra/Ventral Tegmental Area but Not in Hypothalamic Neurons in Mice with Targeted Disruption of the Nurr1 Gene, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.11, issue.1-2, pp.36-46, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/mcne.1998.0673

F. Volpicelli, M. Caiazzo, D. Greco, C. Consales, and L. Leone, Bdnf gene is a downstream target of Nurr1 transcription factor in rat midbrain neurons in vitro, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.276, issue.2, pp.441-453, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04494.x

S. Chung, K. Sonntag, T. Andersson, L. Bjorklund, and J. Park, Genetic engineering of mouse embryonic stem cells by Nurr1 enhances differentiation and maturation into dopaminergic neurons, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.19, issue.10, pp.1829-1838, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02255.x

J. Kim, J. Auerbach, J. Rodriguez-gomez, I. Velasco, and D. Gavin, Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, Nature, vol.36, issue.6893, pp.50-56, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00005-8

J. Kim, H. Koh, J. Lee, M. Chang, and Y. Kim, Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from rat embryonic neural precursors by Nurr1 overexpression, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.3, issue.6, pp.1443-1454, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01780.x

K. Sonntag, R. Simantov, K. Kim, and O. Isacson, Temporally induced Nurr1 can induce a non-neuronal dopaminergic cell type in embryonic stem cell differentiation, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.58, issue.5, pp.1141-1152, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5310.248

G. Park, J. Kang, E. Yoon, J. Shim, and H. Kim, Proneural bHLH neurogenin 2 differentially regulates Nurr1-induced dopamine neuron differentiation in rat and mouse neural precursor cells in vitro, FEBS Letters, vol.207, issue.5, pp.537-579, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.018

E. Andersson, D. Irvin, J. Ahlsio, and M. Parmar, Ngn2 and Nurr1 act in synergy to induce midbrain dopaminergic neurons from expanded neural stem and progenitor cells, Experimental Cell Research, vol.313, issue.6, pp.1172-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.12.014

S. Pollard, L. Conti, Y. Sun, D. Goffredo, and A. Smith, Adherent Neural Stem (NS) Cells from Fetal and Adult Forebrain, Cerebral Cortex, vol.16, issue.Supplement 1, pp.112-120, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/bhj167

C. Schuurmans, O. Armant, M. Nieto, J. Stenman, and O. Britz, Sequential phases of cortical specification involve Neurogenin-dependent and -independent pathways, The EMBO Journal, vol.128, issue.14, pp.2892-2902, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600278

R. Mizuguchi, M. Sugimori, H. Takebayashi, H. Kosako, and M. Nagao, Combinatorial Roles of Olig2 and Neurogenin2 in the Coordinated Induction of Pan-Neuronal and Subtype-Specific Properties of Motoneurons, Neuron, vol.31, issue.5, pp.757-771, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00413-5

A. Bithell, S. Finch, M. Hornby, and B. Williams, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Maintains the Neurogenic Capacity of Embryonic Neural Progenitor Cells In Vitro but Changes Their Neuronal Subtype Specification, Stem Cells, vol.83, issue.6, pp.1565-1574, 2008.
DOI : 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0832

M. Hack, M. Sugimori, C. Lundberg, M. Nakafuku, and M. Gotz, Regionalization and fate specification in neurospheres: the role of Olig2 and Pax6, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.25, issue.4, pp.664-678, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.12.012

F. Volpicelli, D. Gregorio, R. Pulcrano, S. Perrone-capano, C. Di-porzio et al., Direct Regulation of Pitx3 Expression by Nurr1 in Culture and in Developing Mouse Midbrain, PLoS ONE, vol.3, issue.2, p.30661, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030661.t001

I. Nunes, L. Tovmasian, R. Silva, R. Burke, and S. Goff, Pitx3 is required for development of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.100, issue.7, pp.4245-4250, 2003.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0230529100

M. Evans and M. Kaufman, Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos, Nature, vol.131, issue.5819, pp.154-156, 1981.
DOI : 10.1038/292154a0

I. Desbaillets, U. Ziegler, P. Groscurth, and M. Gassmann, Model of Mouse Embryogenesis, Experimental Physiology, vol.85, issue.6, pp.645-651, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-445X.2000.02104.x

U. Lendahl and R. Mckay, The use of cell lines in neurobiology, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.13, issue.4, pp.132-137, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90004-T

H. Hodges, K. Pollock, P. Stroemer, S. Patel, and L. Stevanato, Making stem cell lines suitable for transplantation, Cell Transplant, vol.16, pp.101-115, 2007.

L. Thompson, E. Andersson, J. Jensen, P. Barraud, and F. Guillemot, Neurogenin2 identifies a transplantable dopamine neuron precursor in the developing ventral mesencephalon, Experimental Neurology, vol.198, issue.1, pp.183-198, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.11.025

U. Pfisterer, A. Kirkeby, O. Torper, J. Wood, and J. Nelander, Direct conversion of human fibroblasts to dopaminergic neurons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.25, pp.10343-10348, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1105135108

R. Fricker, M. Carpenter, and C. Winkler, Site-specific migration and neuronal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells after transplantation in the adult rat brain, J Neurosci, vol.19, pp.5990-6005, 1999.

N. Roy, A. Benraiss, and S. Wang, Promoter-targeted selection and isolation of neural progenitor cells from the adult human ventricular zone, Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol.19, issue.3, pp.321-331, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(20000201)59:3<321::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-9

A. Villa, E. Snyder, and A. Vescovi, Establishment and Properties of a Growth Factor-Dependent, Perpetual Neural Stem Cell Line from the Human CNS, Experimental Neurology, vol.161, issue.1, pp.67-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/exnr.1999.7237

M. Cossette, A. Bédard, and A. Parent, Dopaminergic Neurons in Human Striatum and Neurogenesis in Adult Monkey Striatum, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.328, issue.1, pp.346-349, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07502.x

M. Cossette, A. Parent, and D. Lévesque, Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons intrinsic to the human striatum express the transcription factor Nurr1, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.7, issue.8, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-328X(96)00074-5

P. Huot and A. Parent, Dopaminergic neurons intrinsic to the striatum, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.23, issue.232, pp.1441-1447, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5310.248

S. Armando, A. Lebrun, J. Hugnot, C. Ripoll, and M. Saunier, Neurosphere-derived neural cells show region-specific behaviour in vitro, NeuroReport, vol.18, issue.15, pp.1539-1581, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f03d54

Y. Nakagawa, T. Kaneko, T. Ogura, T. Suzuki, and M. Torii, Roles of cellautonomous mechanisms for differential expression of region-specific transcription factors in neuroepithelial cells, Development, vol.122, pp.2449-64, 2006.

L. Gabay, S. Lowell, L. Rubin, and D. Anderson, Deregulation of Dorsoventral Patterning by FGF Confers Trilineage Differentiation Capacity on CNS Stem Cells In Vitro, Neuron, vol.40, issue.3, pp.485-499, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00637-8

J. Jensen and M. Parmar, Strengths and Limitations of the Neurosphere Culture System, Molecular Neurobiology, vol.34, issue.3, pp.153-161, 2006.
DOI : 10.1385/MN:34:3:153

H. Kim, M. Sugimori, M. Nakafuku, and C. Svendsen, Control of neurogenesis and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in neural progenitor cells through bHLH proteins and Nurr1, Experimental Neurology, vol.203, issue.2, pp.394-405, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.029

N. Christophersen, X. Meijer, J. Jorgensen, U. Englund, and M. Gronborg, Induction of dopaminergic neurons from growth factor expanded neural stem/progenitor cell cultures derived from human first trimester forebrain, Brain Research Bulletin, vol.70, issue.4-6, pp.457-466, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.001

M. Smidt and J. Burbach, How to make a mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neuron, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.8, issue.2, pp.21-32, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn2086

C. Martinat, J. Bacci, T. Leete, J. Kim, and W. Vanti, Cooperative transcription activation by Nurr1 and Pitx3 induces embryonic stem cell maturation to the midbrain dopamine neuron phenotype, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.8, pp.2874-2879, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0511153103

F. Jacobs, S. Van-erp, A. Van-der-lnden, V. Orthel, L. Burbach et al., Pitx3 potentiates Nurr1 in dopamine neuron terminal differentiation through release of SMRT-mediated repression, Development, vol.136, issue.4, pp.531-571, 2009.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.029769

J. Shim, C. Park, Y. Bae, J. Bae, and S. Ghung, Generation of Functional Dopamine Neurons from Neural Precursor Cells Isolated from the Subventricular Zone and White Matter of the Adult Rat Brain Using Nurr1 Overexpression, Stem Cells, vol.32, issue.5, pp.1252-62, 2007.
DOI : 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0274

S. Chung, B. Shin, M. Hwang, T. Lardaro, and K. Uj, Neural Precursors Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells, but Not Those from Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon, Maintain the Potential to Differentiate into Dopaminergic Neurons After Expansion In Vitro, STEM CELLS, vol.92, issue.(suppl 3, pp.1583-93, 2006.
DOI : 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0558

T. Deacon, J. Dinsmore, L. Costantini, J. Ratliff, and O. Isacson, Blastula-Stage Stem Cells Can Differentiate into Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Neurons after Transplantation, Experimental Neurology, vol.149, issue.1, pp.28-41, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/exnr.1997.6674

S. Okabe, K. Forsberg-nilsson, C. Spiro, M. Segal, and R. Mckay, Development of neuronal precursor cells and functional postmitotic neurons from embryonic stem cells in vitro, Mechanisms of Development, vol.59, issue.1, pp.89-102, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0925-4773(96)00572-2

L. Conti, S. Pollard, T. Gorba, E. Reitano, and M. Toselli, Niche-Independent Symmetrical Self-Renewal of a Mammalian Tissue Stem Cell, PLoS Biology, vol.31, issue.9, p.283, 2005.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030283.sv004

T. Pratt, L. Sharp, J. Nichols, D. Price, and J. Mason, Embryonic Stem Cells and Transgenic Mice Ubiquitously Expressing a Tau-Tagged Green Fluorescent Protein, Developmental Biology, vol.228, issue.1, pp.19-28, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.2000.9935

L. Vallier, P. Rugg-gunn, I. Bouhon, F. Andersson, and A. Sadler, Enhancing and Diminishing Gene Function in Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Stem Cells, vol.20, issue.1, pp.2-11, 2004.
DOI : 10.1634/stemcells.22-1-2