Y. Moodley, B. Linz, R. Bond, M. Nieuwoudt, and H. Soodyall, Age of the Association between Helicobacter pylori and Man, PLoS Pathogens, vol.320, issue.5, p.1002693, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002693.s005

B. Linz, F. Balloux, Y. Moodley, A. Manica, and H. Liu, An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori, Nature, vol.4, issue.7130, pp.915-9183, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05562

D. Falush, T. Wirth, B. Linz, J. Pritchard, and M. Stephens, Traces of Human Migrations in Helicobacter pylori Populations, Science, vol.299, issue.5612, pp.1582-1585, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1080857

T. Wirth, X. Wang, B. Linz, R. Novick, and J. Lum, Distinguishing human ethnic groups by means of sequences from Helicobacter pylori: Lessons from Ladakh, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.14, pp.4746-4751, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0306629101

Y. Yamaoka, E. Orito, M. Mizokami, O. Gutierrez, and N. Saitou, in North and South America before Columbus, FEBS Letters, vol.28, issue.1-3, pp.180-184, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02617-0

S. Devi, I. Ahmed, P. Francalacci, M. Hussain, and Y. Akhter, Ancestral European roots of Helicobacter pylori in India, BMC Genomics, vol.8, issue.1, p.184, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-8-184

C. Tay, H. Mitchell, Q. Dong, K. Goh, and I. Dawes, Population structure of Helicobacter pylori among ethnic groups in Malaysia: recent acquisition of the bacterium by the Malay population, BMC Microbiology, vol.9, issue.1, p.126, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2180-9-126

Y. Moodley, B. Linz, Y. Yamaoka, H. Windsor, and S. Breurec, The Peopling of the Pacific from a Bacterial Perspective, Science, vol.323, issue.5913, pp.527-530, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1166083
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00583978

S. Breurec, B. Guillard, S. Hem, S. Brisse, and F. Dieye, Evolutionary History of Helicobacter pylori Sequences Reflect Past Human Migrations in Southeast Asia, PLoS ONE, vol.25, issue.7, p.22058, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0022058.s005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00622842

Y. Moodley and B. Linz, <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Sequences Reflect Past Human Migrations, Genome Dyn, vol.6, pp.62-74, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000235763

M. Spriggs, Prehistoric mongoloid dispersals, What is Southeast Asian about Lapita, pp.322-346, 1996.

R. Gray, A. Drummond, and S. Greenhill, Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement, Science, vol.323, issue.5913, pp.479-483, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1166858

S. Oppenheimer and M. Richards, Polynesian origins: Slow boat to Melanesia?, Nature, vol.1, issue.6825, pp.166-167, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35065520

S. Nell, D. Eibach, V. Montano, A. Maady, and A. Nkwescheu, Recent Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori by Baka Pygmies, PLoS Genetics, vol.20, issue.2, p.1003775, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003775.s005

K. Momynaliev, V. Chelysheva, T. Akopian, O. Selezneva, and B. Linz, Population Identification of Helicobacter pylori Isolates from Russia, Russian Journal of Genetics, vol.155, issue.10, pp.1434-1437, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11177-005-0217-3

Y. Liao, G. Guo, X. Mao, Q. Xie, and W. Zhang, Core Genome Haplotype Diversity and vacA Allelic Heterogeneity of Chinese Helicobacter pylori Strains, Current Microbiology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.123-129, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00284-009-9407-x

C. Fenoglio-preiser, A. Noffsinger, and P. Lantz, Gastrointestinal Pathology: an Atlas and Text, 1999.

R. Schlemper, R. Riddell, Y. Kato, F. Borchard, and H. Cooper, The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia, Gut, vol.47, issue.2, pp.251-255, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.47.2.251

S. Breurec, R. Michel, A. Seck, S. Brisse, and D. Come, Clinical relevance of cagA and vacA gene polymorphisms in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Senegalese patients, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.18, issue.2, pp.153-159, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03524.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00622838

D. Falush, M. Stephens, and J. Pritchard, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies, Genetics, vol.164, pp.1567-1587, 2003.

G. Watterson, On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.256-276, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(75)90020-9

X. Didelot and D. Falush, Inference of Bacterial Microevolution Using Multilocus Sequence Data, Genetics, vol.175, issue.3, pp.1251-1266, 2007.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.106.063305

L. Excoffier, G. Laval, and S. Schneider, Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis, Evol Bioinform Online, vol.1, pp.47-50, 2005.

S. Latifi-navid, S. Ghorashi, F. Siavoshi, B. Linz, and S. Massarrat, Ethnic and Geographic Differentiation of Helicobacter pylori within Iran, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.3, p.9645, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009645.s002

K. Tamura, J. Dudley, M. Nei, and S. Kumar, MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.24, issue.8, pp.1596-1599, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msm092

G. Morelli, X. Didelot, B. Kusecek, S. Schwarz, and C. Bahlawane, Microevolution of Helicobacter pylori during Prolonged Infection of Single Hosts and within Families, PLoS Genetics, vol.323, issue.7, p.1001036, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001036.s006

D. Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, The Gambia, 2010.

P. Lewis, Ethnologue: Languages of the World. DallasTexas: SIL International, 2009.

C. Ehret and M. Posnansky, The Archeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History, 1983.

C. De-filippo, K. Bostoen, M. Stoneking, and B. Pakendorf, Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.15, issue.11, pp.3256-3263, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000241

S. Tishkoff, F. Reed, F. Friedlaender, C. Ehret, and A. Ranciaro, The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans, Science, vol.324, issue.5930, pp.1035-1044, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1172257

M. Cox, M. Nelson, M. Tumonggor, F. Ricaut, and H. Sudoyo, A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.57, issue.2, pp.2761-2768, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00967669

D. Burney, L. Burney, L. Godfrey, W. Jungers, and S. Goodman, A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar, Journal of Human Evolution, vol.47, issue.1-2, pp.25-63, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005

H. Soodyall, T. Jenkins, and M. Stoneking, ???Polynesian??? mtDNA in the Malagasy, Nature Genetics, vol.20, issue.4, pp.377-378, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/369025a0

M. Hurles, B. Sykes, M. Jobling, and P. Forster, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.76, issue.5, pp.894-901, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/430051

N. Fernando, J. Holton, I. Zulu, D. Vaira, and P. Mwaba, Helicobacter pylori Infection in an Urban African Population, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.39, issue.4, pp.1323-1327, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.39.4.1323-1327.2001

W. Delport, M. Cunningham, B. Olivier, O. Preisig, and S. Van-der-merwe, A Population Genetics Pedigree Perspective on the Transmission of Helicobacter pylori, Genetics, vol.174, issue.4, pp.2107-2118, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.106.057703

S. Schwarz, G. Morelli, B. Kusecek, A. Manica, and F. Balloux, Horizontal versus Familial Transmission of Helicobacter pylori, PLoS Pathogens, vol.164, issue.10, p.1000180, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000180.s006

D. Ilver, A. Arnqvist, J. Ogren, I. Frick, and D. Kersulyte, Helicobacter pylori Adhesin Binding Fucosylated Histo-Blood Group Antigens Revealed by Retagging, Science, vol.279, issue.5349, pp.373-377, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.279.5349.373

M. Dominguez-bello, M. Perez, M. Bortolini, F. Salzano, and L. Pericchi, Amerindian Helicobacter pylori Strains Go Extinct, as European Strains Expand Their Host Range, PLoS ONE, vol.67, issue.10, p.3307, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003307.s003

L. Cavalli-sforza, P. Menozzi, and A. P. , The History and Geography of Human Genes, 1994.