H. L. Barks, R. Buckley, G. A. Grieves, D. Mauro, E. Hud et al., Guanine, Adenine, and Hypoxanthine Production in UV-Irradiated Formamide Solutions: Relaxation of the Requirements for Prebiotic Purine Nucleobase Formation, ChemBioChem, vol.220, issue.9, pp.1240-1243, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.201000074

S. A. Benner, H. Kim, and M. A. Carrigan, Asphalt, Water, and the Prebiotic Synthesis of Ribose, Ribonucleosides, and RNA, Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.45, issue.12, pp.2025-2034, 2012.
DOI : 10.1021/ar200332w

M. P. Bernstein, L. J. Allamandola, and S. A. Sandford, Complex organics in laboratory simulations of interstellar/cometary ices, Advances in Space Research, vol.19, issue.7, pp.991-998, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00340-2

D. Bockelée-morvan, D. C. Lis, J. E. Wink, D. Despois, J. Crovisier et al., New molecules found in comet C Investigating the link between cometary and interstellar material, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.353, pp.1-1101, 1995.

R. C. Breslow and T. L. Sheppard, Why natural DNA is based on 2'-deoxyribose, with 3',5' phosphodiester links, Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol.68, issue.11, pp.2037-2041, 1998.
DOI : 10.1351/pac199668112037

B. B. Buchanan and D. I. Arnon, A reverse KREBS cycle in photosynthesis: consensus at last, Photosynthesis Research, vol.11, issue.1, pp.47-53, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00032643

F. Cataldo, G. Patane, and G. Compagnini, Synthesis of HCN Polymer from Thermal Decomposition of Formamide, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, vol.120, issue.11, pp.1039-1048, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.14095

F. Ciciriello, G. Costanzo, S. Pino, D. Mauro, and E. , Spontaneous Generation Revisited at the Molecular Level, Evolutionary biology, concept , modeling and application, pp.3-22, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-00952-5_1

G. Costanzo, S. Pino, F. Ciciriello, D. Mauro, and E. , Generation of Long RNA Chains in Water, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.284, issue.48, pp.33206-33216, 2009.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M109.041905

G. Costanzo, R. Saladino, G. Botta, A. Giorgi, A. Scipioni et al., Generation of RNA Molecules by a Base-Catalysed Click-Like Reaction, ChemBioChem, vol.50, issue.7, pp.999-1008, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.201200068

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00960125

G. Costanzo, R. Saladino, C. Crestini, F. Ciciriello, D. Mauro et al., Formamide as the main building block in the origin of nucleic acids, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.7, issue.Suppl 2, pp.1-18, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-7-S2-S1

G. Costanzo, R. Saladino, C. Crestini, F. Ciciriello, D. Mauro et al., Nucleoside Phosphorylation by Phosphate Minerals, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.282, issue.23, pp.16729-16735, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M611346200

C. Darwin, Letter to Joseph Hooker The life and letters of Charles Darwin including an autobiographical chapter, p.18, 1888.

C. Deck, M. Jauker, and C. Richert, Efficient enzyme-free copying of all four nucleobases templated by immobilized RNA, Nature Chemistry, vol.6, issue.8, pp.603-608, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nchem.1086

G. Deschamps, Preparation of formamide and its conversion into hydrocyanic acid, Chimie et Industrie, pp.589-597, 1931.

D. Mauro and E. , Trifonov's Meta-Definition of Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.9, issue.4, pp.601-602, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010524999

D. Mauro, E. Dunker, K. A. Trifonov, and E. N. , Disorder to order, non-life to life In the beginning there was a mistake, Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology 22, pp.415-435, 2012.

K. S. Dickson, C. M. Burns, and J. P. Richardson, Determination of the Free-Energy Change for Repair of a DNA Phosphodiester Bond, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.21, pp.15828-15831, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M910044199

R. Egel, On the Misgivings of Anthropomorphic Consensus Polling in Defining the Complexity of Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.14, issue.4, pp.615-616, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525004

M. Eigen and P. Schuster, The Hypercycle, The Science of Nature, vol.44, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.341-369, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-66784-8_18

G. Ertem and J. P. Ferris, Template-Directed Synthesis Using the Heterogeneous Templates Produced by Montmorillonite Catalysis. A Possible Bridge Between the Prebiotic and RNA Worlds, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.119, issue.31, pp.7197-7201, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/ja970422h

A. Eschenmoser and E. Loewenthal, Chemistry of potentially prebiological natural products, Chemical Society Reviews, vol.21, issue.1, pp.1-16, 1992.
DOI : 10.1039/cs9922100001

J. P. Ferris, Montmorillonite catalysis of 30?50 mer oligonucleotides: Laboratory demonstration of potential steps in the origin of the RNA world, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, vol.32, issue.4, pp.311-332, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1020543312109

J. Florian, J. Sponer, and A. Warshel, Thermodynamic Parameters for Stacking and Hydrogen Bonding of Nucleic Acid Bases in Aqueous Solution:?? Ab Initio/Langevin Dipoles Study, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.103, issue.5, pp.884-892, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/jp983699s

W. H. Flygare, R. C. Benson, H. L. Tigelaar, R. H. Rubin, G. W. Swenson et al., Molecules in the galactic environment, Proceeding of a symposium at University of Virginia, pp.173-179, 1971.

Z. M. Frenkel and E. N. Trifonov, Origin and evolution of genes and genomes. Crucial role of triplet expansions, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.18, issue.2, pp.201-210, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/07391102.2004.10506975

R. A. Friedman and B. Honig, A free energy analysis of nucleic acid base stacking in aqueous solution, Biophysical Journal, vol.69, issue.4, pp.1528-1535, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(95)80023-8

J. Gayon, C. Malaterre, M. Morange, F. Raulin-cerceau, and S. Tirard, Special issue: Definitions of life, Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, pp.119-244, 2010.

C. A. Gottlieb, P. Palmer, L. J. Rickard, and B. Zuckerman, Studies of Interstellar Formamide, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.182, pp.699-710, 1973.
DOI : 10.1086/152178

H. G. Hansma, Possible origin of life between mica sheets, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.266, issue.1, pp.175-188, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.06.016

H. G. Hansma, Life = Self-Reproduction with Variations?, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.323, issue.4, pp.621-622, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525007

C. Hartmuth, H. C. Kolb, M. G. Finn, and K. B. Sharpless, Click chemistry: Diverse chemical function from a few good reactions, Angewandte Chemie?International Edition, vol.40, pp.2004-2021, 2001.

A. Holy, 2?-Deoxy-L-uridine: Total synthesis of a uracil 2?-deoxynucleoside from a sugar 2-aminooxazoline through a anhydronucleoside intermediate, Nucleic Acid Chemistry, vol.1, pp.347-353, 1978.

W. Huang and J. P. Ferris, Synthesis of 35???40 mers of RNA oligomers from unblocked monomers. A simple approach to the RNA world, Chem. Commun., vol.420, issue.12, pp.1458-1459, 2003.
DOI : 10.1039/B303134A

W. Huang and J. P. Ferris, One-Step, Regioselective Synthesis of up to 50-mers of RNA Oligomers by Montmorillonite Catalysis, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.128, issue.27, pp.8914-8919, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ja061782k

J. Hulshof and C. Ponnamperuma, Prebiotic condensation reactions in an aqueous medium: A review of condensing agents, Origins of Life, vol.161, issue.3, pp.197-224, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00926938

J. Op-akkerhuis and G. A. , The Role of Logic and Insight in the Search for a Definition of Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.15, issue.4, pp.619-620, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525006

G. F. Joyce, Non-enzymatic template-directed synthesis of RNA copolymers, Origins of Life, vol.60, issue.1-4, pp.613-620, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00933711

G. F. Joyce, Forty years of in vitro evolution, 2007.

G. F. Joyce, A. W. Schwartz, S. L. Miller, and L. E. Orgel, The case for an ancestral genetic system involving simple analogs of the nucleotides, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, pp.4398-4402, 1987.

S. Kodama, S. Nose, N. Tomihisa, A. Tochitani, and T. Yamahara, (60) New Catalysts for Direct Synthesis of Formamide from Carbonmonoxide and Ammonia., The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan, vol.58, issue.2, pp.157-158, 1955.
DOI : 10.1246/nikkashi1898.58.157

V. N. Kompanichenko, Thermodynamic Inversion and Self-Reproduction with Variations: Integrated View on the Life-Nonlife Border, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.2, issue.4, pp.637-639, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525013

E. V. Koonin, Defining Life: An Exercise in Semantics or A Route to Biological Insights?, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.323, issue.4, pp.603-605, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525000

Z. Koren and E. N. Trifonov, Role of Everlasting Triplet Expansions in Protein Evolution, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.23, issue.2, pp.232-239, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00239-010-9425-0

V. Kunin, A system of two polymerases: A model for the origin of life, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, vol.30, issue.5, pp.459-466, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006672126867

J. B. Lambert, A. Senthil, S. A. Gurusamy-thangavelu, and K. Ma, The Silicate-Mediated Formose Reaction: Bottom-Up Synthesis of Sugar Silicates, Science, vol.327, issue.5968, pp.984-986, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1182669

M. Levy, S. L. Miller, K. Brinton, and J. L. Bada, Prebiotic Synthesis of Adenine and Amino Acids Under Europa-like Conditions, Icarus, vol.145, issue.2, pp.609-613, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2000.6365

Y. Loidreau and T. Besson, Microwave-assisted thermal decomposition of formamide: a tool for coupling a pyrimidine ring with an aromatic partner, Tetrahedron, vol.67, issue.26, pp.4852-4857, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01018135

R. Luo, H. S. Gilson, M. J. Potter, and M. K. Gilson, The Physical Basis of Nucleic Acid Base Stacking in Water, Biophysical Journal, vol.80, issue.1, pp.140-148, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76001-8

W. Ma, Life: Self-Directing with Unlimited Variability on Self-Speeding, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.187, issue.4, pp.623-625, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525008

F. Macagna, Classifying the Properties of Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.52, issue.4, pp.627-629, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525009

U. J. Meierhenrich, Life in Its Uniqueness Remains Difficult to Define in Scientific Terms, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.8, issue.4, pp.641-642, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525014

S. L. Miller, Which Organic Compounds Could Have Occurred on the Prebiotic Earth?, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.52, issue.0, pp.17-27, 1987.
DOI : 10.1101/SQB.1987.052.01.005

S. Mishra, Life?, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.633-634, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525011

A. Mittal, Self-Generated and Reproducible Dynamics in ???Gene Years??? Represent Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.18, issue.4, pp.609-611, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525002

S. Miyakawa, H. J. Cleaves, and S. L. Miller, The cold origin of life: A. Implications based on the hydrolytic stabilities of hydrogen cyanide and formamide, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, vol.32, issue.3, pp.195-208, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1016514305984

Y. Neuman, The Definition of Life and the Life of a Definition, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.645-646, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525016

M. W. Nirenberg and J. H. Matthaei, The dependence of cell-free protein synthesis in E. coli upon naturally occurring or synthetic polyribonucleotides, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, pp.47-1588, 1961.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.47.10.1588

J. Norberg and L. Nilsson, Stacking Free Energy Profiles for All 16 Natural Ribodinucleoside Monophosphates in Aqueous Solution, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.117, issue.44, pp.10832-10840, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00149a006

J. Norberg and L. Nilsson, Influence of adjacent bases on the stacking-unstacking process of single-stranded oligonucleotides, Biopolymers, vol.97, issue.6, pp.765-768, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(199612)39:6<765::AID-BIP3>3.0.CO;2-T

S. Otto and F. Ludlow, Systems chemistry, Tutorial Review. Chemical Society Reviews, vol.37, pp.101-108, 2008.

D. K. Paul and S. D. Worley, Influence of oxidation of palladium/alumina for the reactions of carbon monoxide with ammonia and formamide decomposition, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.94, issue.26, pp.8956-8959, 1990.
DOI : 10.1021/j100389a020

S. Pino, G. Costanzo, A. Giorgi, D. Mauro, and E. , Sequence Complementarity-Driven Nonenzymatic Ligation of RNA, Biochemistry, vol.50, issue.14, pp.994-3003, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/bi101981z

S. Pino, E. N. Trifonov, D. Mauro, and E. , On the Observable Transition to Living Matter, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, vol.9, issue.1-2, pp.7-14, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S1672-0229(11)60002-8

R. Popa, Merits and Caveats of Using A Vocabulary Approach to Define Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.40, issue.4, pp.607-608, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525001

W. M. Powner, B. Gerland, and J. D. Sutherland, Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions, Nature, vol.21, issue.7244, pp.239-242, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nature08013

K. J. Prabahar, T. D. Cole, and J. P. Ferris, Effect of Phosphate Activating Group on Oligonucleotide Formation on Montmorillonite: The Regioselective Formation of 3',5'-Linked Oligoadenylates, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.116, issue.24, pp.10914-10920, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00103a006

E. Protozanova, P. Yakovchuk, and M. Frank-kamenetskii, Stacked???Unstacked Equilibrium at the Nick Site of DNA, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.342, issue.3, pp.775-785, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.075

R. Root-bernstein, Defining Life: Products or Processes?, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.10, issue.4, pp.631-632, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525010

S. A. Rudolph, E. M. Johnson, and P. Greengard, Enthalpy of hydrolysis of various 3?,5?-cyclic and 2?,3?-cyclic nucleotides, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.246, pp.1271-1273, 1971.

W. Saenger, Principles of nucleic acid structure, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-5190-3

R. Saladino, M. Barontini, C. Cossetti, D. Mauro, E. Crestini et al., The Effects of Borate Minerals on the Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Bases, Amino Acids and Biogenic Carboxylic Acids from Formamide, Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, vol.487, issue.5, pp.317-330, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11084-011-9236-3

R. Saladino, G. Botta, S. Pino, G. Costanzo, D. Mauro et al., Genetics first or metabolism first? The formamide clue, Chemical Society Reviews, vol.49, issue.2, pp.5526-5565, 2012.
DOI : 10.1186/1476-48669-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00961554

R. Saladino, J. R. Brucato, D. Sio, A. Botta, G. Pace et al., Photochemical Synthesis of Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates Based on Titanium Dioxide, Astrobiology, vol.11, issue.8, pp.815-824, 2011.
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2011.0652

R. Saladino, U. Ciambecchini, C. Crestini, G. Costanzo, R. Negri et al., One-pot TiO 2 -catalyzed synthesis of nucleic bases and acyclonucleosides from formamide: Implications for the origin of life, pp.514-521, 2003.

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, U. Ciambecchini, F. Ciciriello, G. Costanzo et al., Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleobases and Nucleic Acids by Formamide in the Presence of Montmorillonites, ChemBioChem, vol.319, issue.11, pp.1558-1566, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.200400119

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, F. Ciciriello, G. Costanzo, D. Mauro et al., Formamide chemistry and the origin of informational polymers chemistry & biodiversity, Helvetica Chimica Acta, vol.4, pp.694-720, 2007.

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, F. Ciciriello, S. Pino, G. Costanzo et al., From formamide to RNA: the roles of formamide and water in the evolution of chemical information, Research in Microbiology, vol.160, issue.7, pp.441-448, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.06.001

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, C. Cossetti, D. Mauro, E. Deamer et al., Catalytic effects of Murchison Material: Prebiotic Synthesis and Degradation of RNA Precursors, Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, vol.487, issue.5, pp.437-451, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11084-011-9239-0

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, G. Costanzo, R. Negri, D. Mauro et al., A possible prebiotic synthesis of purine, adenine, cytosine, and 4(3H)-pyrimidinone from formamide implications for the origin of life, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.9, issue.5, pp.1249-1253, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00340-0

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, V. Neri, J. R. Brucato, L. Colangeli et al., Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleic Acid Components by Formamide and Cosmic Dust Analogues, ChemBioChem, vol.47, issue.8, pp.1368-1374, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.200500035

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, V. Neri, F. Ciciriello, G. Costanzo et al., Origin of Informational Polymers: The Concurrent Roles of Formamide and Phosphates, ChemBioChem, vol.5, issue.11, pp.1707-1714, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.200600139

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, S. Pino, G. Costanzo, D. Mauro et al., Formamide and the origin of life, Physics of Life Reviews, vol.9, issue.1, pp.84-104, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.plrev.2011.12.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00961566

R. Saladino, C. Crestini, G. Costanzo, and D. E. Mauro, On the Prebiotic Synthesis of Nucleobases, Nucleotides, Oligonucleotides, Pre-RNA and Pre-DNA Molecules, Topics In Current Chemistry, vol.259, pp.29-68, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/b136152

R. Saladino, V. Neri, and C. Crestini, Role of clays in the prebiotic synthesis of sugar derivatives from formamide, Philosophical Magazine, vol.81, issue.17-18, pp.2329-2337, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/14786430903559466

R. Saladino, V. Neri, C. Crestini, G. Costanzo, M. Graciotti et al., The Role of the Formamide/Zirconia System in the Synthesis of Nucleobases and Biogenic Carboxylic Acid Derivatives, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.487, issue.1486, pp.100-110, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00239-010-9366-7

R. A. Sanchez, J. P. Ferris, and L. E. Orgel, Studies in prebiotic synthesis. 2. Synthesis of purine precursors and amino acids from aqueous hydrogen cyanide, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.30, pp.223-253, 1967.

R. H. Sarma, A Conversation on Definition of Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.28, issue.4, pp.597-598, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010524997

W. A. Schutte, A. C. Boogert, A. G. Tielens, D. C. Whittet, P. A. Gerakines et al., Astron. Weak ice absorption features at 7.24 and 7.41 microns in the spectrum of the obscured young stellar object W33A, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.343, pp.966-976, 1999.

S. D. Senanayake and H. Idriss, Photocatalysis and the origin of life: Synthesis of nucleoside bases from formamide on TiO 2 (0 0 1) single surfaces, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, pp.1194-1198, 2006.

T. L. Sheppard and R. C. Breslow, Selective Binding of RNA, but Not DNA, by Complementary 2???,5???-Linked DNA, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.118, issue.40, pp.9810-9811, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ja962184g

P. M. Solomon, Interstellar molecules, Physics Today, vol.26, issue.3, pp.32-40, 1973.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3127983

J. Sponer, K. E. Riley, and P. Hobza, Nature and magnitude of aromatic stacking of nucleic acid bases, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.407, issue.19, pp.2595-2610, 2008.
DOI : 10.1039/b719370j

E. I. Stankevich, I. Drizina, E. Liepins, and D. Snikeris, Synthesis of nucleosides from aminooxazolines of pentafuranoses, Novosti Khimii Nukleozidovi Nukleotidov, vol.1, pp.63-64, 1978.

R. Stribling and S. L. Miller, Energy yields for hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde syntheses: The hcn and amino acid concentrations in the primitive ocean, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, vol.91, issue.3-4, pp.261-273, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02386466

P. Szabo, I. Scheuring, T. Czaran, and E. Szathmary, In silico simulations reveal that replicators with limited dispersal evolve towards higher efficiency and fidelity, Nature, vol.1, issue.6913, pp.340-343, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1060786

J. W. Szostak, Attempts to Define Life Do Not Help to Understand the Origin of Life, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.599-600, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010524998

B. L. Tang, A Minimal or Concise Set of Definition of Life is Not Useful, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.7, issue.4, pp.613-614, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525003

O. Taran, O. Thoennessen, K. Achilles, and G. Kiedrowski, Synthesis of information-carrying polymers of mixed sequences from double stranded short deoxynucleotides, Journal of Systems Chemistry, vol.1, issue.1, pp.9-24, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1759-2208-1-9

M. Tessera, Is A n+1 Definition of Life Useful?, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.40, issue.4, pp.635-636, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525012

E. N. Trifonov, Consensus temporal order of amino acids and evolution of the triplet code, Gene, vol.261, issue.1, pp.139-151, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00476-5

E. N. Trifonov, The Triplet Code From First Principles, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.219, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/bi9809425

E. N. Trifonov, Tracing Life back to elements, Physics of Life Reviews, vol.5, issue.2, pp.121-132, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.plrev.2008.03.001

E. N. Trifonov, The origin of the genetic code and of the earliest oligopeptides, Research in Microbiology, vol.160, issue.7, pp.481-486, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.05.004

E. N. Trifonov, Vocabulary of Definitions of Life Suggests a Definition, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.72, issue.2, pp.259-266, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/073911011010524992

E. N. Trifonov, Definition of Life: Navigation through Uncertainties, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.30, issue.4, pp.647-650, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525017

E. N. Trifonov and T. Bettecken, Sequence fossils, triplet expansion, and reconstruction of earliest codons, Gene, vol.205, issue.1-2, pp.1-6, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00479-4

D. A. Usher and A. H. Mchale, Nonenzymic joining of oligoadenylates on a polyuridylic acid template, Science, vol.192, issue.4234, pp.53-54, 1976.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1257755

D. A. Usher and A. H. Mchale, Hydrolytic stability of helical RNA: a selective advantage for the natural 3',5'-bond., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, pp.1149-1153, 1976.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.73.4.1149

M. S. Verlander, R. Lohrmann, and L. E. Orgel, Catalysts for the self-polymerization of adenosine cyclic 2???,3???-phosphate, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.231, issue.4, pp.303-316, 1973.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01654098

A. V. Vologodskii, B. R. Amirikyan, Y. L. Lyubchenko, and M. D. Frank-kamenetskii, Allowance for Heterogeneous Stacking in the DNA Helix-Coil Transition Theory, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.20, issue.1, pp.131-148, 1984.
DOI : 10.1080/07391102.1984.10507552

B. Wang and Z. Cao, Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Formamide from Cluster-Continuum Model Calculations: Concerted versus Stepwise Pathway, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.114, issue.49, pp.12918-12927, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/jp106560s

J. D. Watson and F. H. Crick, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS, JAMA, vol.269, issue.15, pp.737-738, 1953.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1993.03500150078030

B. J. Weimann, R. Lohrmann, L. E. Orgel, H. Schneider-bernloehr, and J. E. Sulston, Template-Directed Synthesis with Adenosine-5'-phosphorimidazolide, Science, vol.161, issue.3839, pp.387-388, 1968.
DOI : 10.1126/science.161.3839.387

J. R. Wisniewski, A. Zougman, and M. Mann, N??-Formylation of lysine is a widespread post-translational modification of nuclear proteins occurring at residues involved in regulation of chromatin function, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.36, issue.2, pp.570-577, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkm1057

H. Yamada, M. Hirobe, K. Higashiyama, H. Takahashi, and H. Suzuki, Detection of carbon-13-nitrogen-15 coupled units in adenine derived from doubly labeled hydrogen cyanide or formamide, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.100, issue.14, pp.4617-4618, 1978.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00482a061

F. M. Yeong, The Complexity of Life: Can Life be Simply Defined?, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.36, issue.4, pp.617-618, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525005

Y. N. Zhuravlev, Definition by Means of Indefiniteness, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.46, issue.4, pp.643-644, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/073911012010525015