A. Flores-mireles, J. Walker, M. Caparon, and S. Hultgren, Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.78, issue.5, pp.269-84, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro3432

M. Bishop, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection, EAU Update Series, vol.2, issue.3, pp.143-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.euus.2004.08.003

B. Rogers, H. Sidjabat, and D. Paterson, Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: a pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.66, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkq415

G. Kahlmeter and P. Menday, Cross-resistance and associated resistance in 2478 Escherichia coli isolates from the Pan-European ECO{middle dot}SENS Project surveying the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.1, pp.128-159, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkg280

G. Kahlmeter and H. Poulsen, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Europe: the ECO??SENS study revisited, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.39, issue.1, pp.45-51, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.013

R. Bercion, D. Mossoro-kpinde, A. Manirakiza, L. Faou, and A. , Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens in Bangui, Central African Republic, The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, vol.3, issue.03, pp.187-90, 2009.
DOI : 10.3855/jidc.34

J. Sire, Antimicrobial resistance in outpatient Escherichia coli urinary isolates in Dakar, Senegal, J Infect Dev Ctries, vol.1, pp.263-271, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00624409

M. Saladin, Diversity of CTX-M beta-lactamases and their promoter regions from Enterobacteriaceae isolated in three Parisian hospitals, FEMS Microbiol Lett, vol.209, pp.161-169, 2002.

G. Arlet, M. Rouveau, and . Philippon, Substitution of alanine for aspartate at position 179 in the SHV-6 extended-spectrum ??-lactamase, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.152, issue.1, pp.163-170, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10423.x

C. Eckert, Dissemination of CTX-M-Type ??-Lactamases among Clinical Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Paris, France, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.48, issue.4, pp.1249-55, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1249-1255.2004

K. Hryniewicz, Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections in Poland, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.47, issue.6, pp.773-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/47.6.773

F. Bruyère, M. Vidoni, Y. Péan, J. Ruimy, and R. Elfassi, Analyse microbiologique de plus de 600??infections urinaires f??briles prises en charge dans un r??seau de soin, Progr??s en Urologie, vol.23, issue.10, pp.890-898, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.purol.2013.03.009

D. Ironmonger, Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of urinary tract pathogens for a population of 5.6 million over 4 years, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.70, pp.1744-50, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkv043

K. Laupland, T. Ross, J. Pitout, D. Church, and D. Gregson, Community-onset Urinary Tract Infections: A Population-based Assessment, Infection, vol.35, issue.3, pp.150-153, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s15010-007-6180-2

E. Magliano, Gender and Age-Dependent Etiology of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections, The Scientific World Journal, vol.81, issue.1, p.349597, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkn177

S. Maraki, E. Mantadakis, L. Michailidis, and G. Samonis, Changing antibiotic susceptibilities of community-acquired uropathogens in Greece, 2005.

P. Lu, Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infections in the Asia-Pacific region: 2009???2010 results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART), International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.40, pp.37-43, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-8579(12)70008-0

J. Hanley, I. Branford, H. Gugnan, and C. U. Wilkinson, urinary bacterial pathognes in St, Kitts.pdf. West Indies Med J, vol.58, p.670, 2009.

A. Kothari and V. Sagar, Antibiotic resistance in pathogens causing communityacquired urinary tract infections in India: a multicenter study, J Infect Dev Ctries, vol.2, pp.354-362, 2008.

J. Akoachere, Y. S. Akum, N. Seraphine, and E. , Etiologic profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired urinary tract infection in two Cameroonian towns, BMC Research Notes, vol.5, issue.1, p.219, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00365540410021045

S. Fosse-edorh, Journée modiale du diabète, Beh, pp.30-31491, 2014.

A. Ronald, The etiology of urinary tract infection: Traditional and emerging pathogens, Disease-a-Month, vol.49, issue.2, pp.71-82, 2003.
DOI : 10.1067/mda.2003.8

R. Raz, R. Colodner, and C. Kunin, Who Are You--Staphylococcus saprophyticus?, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.40, issue.6, pp.896-904, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/428353

G. Sanchez, R. Master, J. Karlowsky, and J. Bordon, In Vitro Antimicrobial Resistance of Urinary Escherichia coli Isolates among U.S. Outpatients from 2000 to 2010, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.56, issue.4, pp.2181-2184, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.06060-11

G. Schito, The ARESC study: an international survey on the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens involved in uncomplicated urinary tract infections, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.34, issue.5, pp.407-420, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.04.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00556347

F. Randrianirina, Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in Antananarivo, Madagascar, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.59, issue.2, pp.309-321, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkl466

K. Ma and C. Wang, Analysis of the spectrum and antibiotic resistance of uropathogens in??vitro: Results based on a retrospective study from a tertiary hospital, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.41, issue.7, pp.601-607, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.09.015

K. Laupland, D. Church, J. Vidakovich, M. Mucenski, and J. Pitout, Community-onset extended-spectrum ??-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: Importance of international travel, Journal of Infection, vol.57, issue.6, pp.441-449, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.09.034

C. Arpin, Nationwide survey of extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the French community setting, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.63, issue.6, pp.1205-1219, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkp108
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00426312

J. Pitout and K. Laupland, Extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.3, pp.159-66, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041-0

S. Smith, A. Manges, and L. Riley, Temporal Changes in the Prevalence of Community-Acquired Antimicrobial-Resistant Urinary Tract Infection Affected by Escherichia coli Clonal Group Composition, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.46, issue.5, pp.689-95, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/527386

S. Breurec, Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins in five African and two Vietnamese major towns: multiclonal population structure with two major international clonal groups, CG15 and CG258, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.19, issue.4, pp.349-55, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03805.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00682018

K. Kumarasamy, Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.9, pp.597-602, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2

S. Bastian, First case of NDM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Caribbean islands, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.34, pp.53-57, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.03.002

S. Breurec, Emergence of OXA-48-producing Escherichia coli in the Caribbean islands, Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, vol.3, issue.3, pp.217-225, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.04.004

S. Andrade, Increased resistance to first-line agents among bacterial pathogens isolated from urinary tract infections in Latin America: time for local guidelines?, Mem??rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.101, issue.7, pp.741-749, 2006.
DOI : 10.1590/S0074-02762006000700006

N. Vernaz, Modelling the impact of antibiotic use on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli using population-based data from a large hospital and its surrounding community, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.66, issue.4, pp.928-963, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkq525

O. Grignon, Escherichia coli antibiotic resistance in emergency departments. Do local resistance rates matter?, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.3, pp.571-578, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-014-2264-y

M. Heginbothom, Laboratory testing policies and their effects on routine surveillance of community antimicrobial resistance, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.6, pp.1010-1017, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkh229

J. Dromigny, P. Nabeth, A. Juergens-behr, and J. Perrier-gros-claude, Risk factors for antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Dakar, Senegal, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.56, issue.1, pp.236-245, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dki158

A. Dalhoff, Global Fluoroquinolone Resistance Epidemiology and Implictions for Clinical Use, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases, vol.140, issue.6, p.976273, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkq286