Inherited IL-12p40 Deficiency Genetic, Immunologic, and Clinical Features of 49 Patients From 30 Kindreds
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Carolina Prando
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 764639
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9570-9770
Jacinta Bustamante
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 757899
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3439-2482
- IdRef : 124593461
Aurélie Cobat
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 974913
Capucine Picard
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 758297
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8788-5056
- IdRef : 091572363
Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 779164
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6224-4797
Nima Parvaneh
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 779162
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3397-9716
Laurent Abel
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 929856
Davood Mansouri
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 762966
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1927-7072
Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 938246
Jean-Laurent Casanova
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- Function : Correspondent author
- PersonId : 867631
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Abstract
Autosomal recessive interleukin (IL)-12 p40 (IL-12p40) deficiency is a rare genetic etiology of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD). We report the genetic, immunologic, and clinical features of 49 patients from 30 kindreds originating from 5 countries (India, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia). There are only 9 different mutant alleles of the IL12B gene: 2 small insertions, 3 small deletions, 2 splice site mutations, and 1 large deletion, each causing a frameshift and leading to a premature stop codon, and 1 nonsense mutation. Four of these 9 variants are recurrent, affecting 25 of the 30 reported kindreds, due to founder effects in specific countries. All patients are homozygous and display complete IL-12p40 deficiency. As a result, the patients lack detectable IL-12p70 and IL-12p40 and have low levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). The clinical features are characterized by childhood onset of bacille Calmette-Guerin (attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain) (BCG) and Salmonella infections, with recurrences of salmonellosis (36.4%) more common than recurrences of mycobacterial disease (25%). BCG vaccination led to BCG disease in 40 of the 41 patients vaccinated (97.5%). Multiple mycobacterial infections were rare, observed in only 3 patients, whereas the association of salmonellosis and mycobacteriosis was observed in 9 patients. A few other infections were diagnosed, including chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (n = 3), nocardiosis (n = 2), and klebsiellosis (n = 1). IL-12p40 deficiency has a high but incomplete clinical penetrance, with 33.3% of genetically affected relatives of index cases showing no symptoms. However, the prognosis is poor, with mortality rates of up to 28.6%. Overall, the clinical phenotype of IL-12p40 deficiency closely resembles that of interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 (IL-12R beta 1) deficiency. In conclusion, IL-12p40 deficiency is more common than initially thought and should be considered worldwide in patients with MSMD and other intramacrophagic infectious diseases, salmonellosis in particular. (Medicine 2013; 92: 109-122)