T. A. Fehniger and M. A. Caligiuri, Interleukin 15: biology and relevance to human disease, Blood, vol.97, issue.1, pp.14-32, 2001.
DOI : 10.1182/blood.V97.1.14

V. Budagian, E. Bulanova, R. Paus, and S. Bulfone-paus, IL-15/IL-15 receptor biology: A guided tour through an expanding universe, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol.17, issue.4, pp.259-280, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.05.001

M. Benahmed, B. Meresse, B. Arnulf, U. Barbe, J. J. Mention et al., Inhibition of TGF-?? Signaling by IL-15: A New Role for IL-15 in the Loss of Immune Homeostasis in Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology, vol.132, issue.3, pp.994-1008, 2007.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.025
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00146322

C. A. Aoki, A. T. Borchers, M. Li, R. A. Flavell, C. L. Bowlus et al., Transforming growth factor ?? (TGF-??) and autoimmunity, Autoimmunity Reviews, vol.4, issue.7, pp.450-459, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.03.006

X. Yang, J. J. Letterio, R. J. Lechleider, L. Chen, R. Hayman et al., Targeted disruption of SMAD3 results in impaired mucosal immunity and diminished T cell responsiveness to TGF-beta, The EMBO Journal, vol.18, issue.5, pp.1280-1291, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/18.5.1280

T. A. Waldmann and Y. Tagaya, THE MULTIFACETED REGULATION OF INTERLEUKIN-15 EXPRESSION AND THE ROLE OF THIS CYTOKINE IN NK CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND HOST RESPONSE TO INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.19-49, 1999.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.19

I. B. Mcinnes and J. A. Gracie, Interleukin-15: a new cytokine target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, Current Opinion in Pharmacology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.392-397, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coph.2004.04.003

J. J. Letterio and A. B. Roberts, REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES BY TGF-??, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.137-161, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.137

W. Chen, S. Perruche, and J. Li, CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells and TGF-β in Mucosal Immune System: The Good and the Bad, Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol.14, issue.21, pp.2245-2249, 2007.
DOI : 10.2174/092986707781696591

L. Zhang, H. Yi, X. P. Xia, and Y. Zhao, regulatory T cells and immune tolerance, Autoimmunity, vol.7, issue.4, pp.269-276, 2006.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.834

D. A. Horwitz, S. G. Zheng, J. Wang, and J. D. Gray, Critical role of IL-2 and TGF-?? in generation, function and stabilization of Foxp3+CD4+ Treg, European Journal of Immunology, vol.110, issue.4, pp.912-915, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.200738109

J. C. Marie, J. J. Letterio, M. Gavin, and A. Y. Rudensky, regulatory T cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.145, issue.7, pp.1061-1067, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.2.770

S. Huber, C. Schramm, H. A. Lehr, A. Mann, S. Schmitt et al., Cutting Edge: TGF-?? Signaling Is Required for the In Vivo Expansion and Immunosuppressive Capacity of Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T Cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol.173, issue.11, pp.6526-6531, 2004.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6526

M. O. Li, S. Sanjabi, and R. A. , Transforming Growth Factor-?? Controls Development, Homeostasis, and Tolerance of T Cells by Regulatory T Cell-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms, Immunity, vol.25, issue.3, pp.455-471, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.011

A. M. Thornton and E. M. Shevach, Immunoregulatory T Cells Suppress Polyclonal T Cell Activation In Vitro by Inhibiting Interleukin 2 Production, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.147, issue.2, pp.287-296, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1996.tb00897.x

C. A. Piccirillo, J. J. Letterio, A. M. Thornton, R. S. Mchugh, M. Mamura et al., Regulatory T Cells Can Mediate Suppressor Function in the Absence of Transforming Growth Factor ??1 Production and Responsiveness, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.163, issue.2, pp.237-246, 2002.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20011629

K. Nakamura, A. Kitani, and W. Strober, Regulatory T Cells Is Mediated by Cell Surface???Bound Transforming Growth Factor ??, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.157, issue.5, pp.629-644, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70218-6
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2195935

F. Powrie, J. Carlino, M. W. Leach, S. Mauze, and R. L. Coffman, A critical role for transforming growth factor-beta but not interleukin 4 in the suppression of T helper type 1-mediated colitis by CD45RB(low) CD4+ T cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.183, issue.6, pp.2669-2674, 1996.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.183.6.2669

L. Fahlen, S. Read, L. Gorelik, S. D. Hurst, R. L. Coffman et al., regulatory T cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.142, issue.5, pp.737-746, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M104521200

S. You, B. Leforban, C. Garcia, J. F. Bach, J. A. Bluestone et al., Adaptive TGF-beta-dependent regulatory T cells control autoimmune diabetes and are a privileged target of anti-CD3 antibody treatment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.6335-6340, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0701171104

M. C. Kullberg, V. Hay, A. W. Cheever, M. Mamura, A. Sher et al., TGF-??1 production by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is not essential for suppression of intestinal inflammation, European Journal of Immunology, vol.41, issue.10, pp.2886-2895, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.200526106

C. L. Maynard, L. E. Harrington, K. M. Janowski, J. R. Oliver, C. L. Zindl et al., Regulatory T cells expressing interleukin 10 develop from Foxp3+ and Foxp3??? precursor cells in the absence of interleukin 10, Nature Immunology, vol.171, issue.9, pp.931-941, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.09.013

M. C. Fantini, C. Becker, G. Monteleone, F. Pallone, P. R. Galle et al., Cutting Edge: TGF-?? Induces a Regulatory Phenotype in CD4+CD25- T Cells through Foxp3 Induction and Down-Regulation of Smad7, The Journal of Immunology, vol.172, issue.9, pp.5149-5153, 2004.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5149

M. C. Fantini, C. Becker, I. Tubbe, A. Nikolaev, H. A. Lehr et al., Transforming growth factor ?? induced FoxP3+ regulatory T cells suppress Th1 mediated experimental colitis, Gut, vol.55, issue.5, pp.671-680, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.072801

I. Peluso, M. C. Fantini, D. Fina, R. Caruso, M. Boirivant et al., IL-21 Counteracts the Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Suppression of Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes, The Journal of Immunology, vol.178, issue.2, pp.732-739, 2007.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.732

S. Karakhanova, M. Munder, M. Schneider, M. Bonyhadi, A. D. Ho et al., Highly Efficient Expansion of Human CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells for Cellular Immunotherapy in Patients with Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Journal of Immunotherapy, vol.29, issue.3, pp.336-349, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.cji.0000203080.43235.9e

J. Yates, F. Rovis, P. Mitchell, B. Afzali, J. Y. Tsang et al., The maintenance of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell function: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 and IL-15 preserve optimal suppressive potency in vitro, International Immunology, vol.19, issue.6, pp.785-799, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/intimm/dxm047

T. Bopp, A. Palmetshofer, E. Serfling, V. Heib, S. Schmitt et al., regulatory T cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.162, issue.2, pp.181-187, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/83713

D. Cantrell, Protein kinase B (Akt) regulation and function in T lymphocytes, Seminars in Immunology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.19-26, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/smim.2001.0338

A. Ma, R. Koka, and P. Burkett, DIVERSE FUNCTIONS OF IL-2, IL-15, AND IL-7 IN LYMPHOID HOMEOSTASIS, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.657-679, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090727

P. Pandiyan, L. Zheng, S. Ishihara, J. Reed, and M. J. Lenardo, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induce cytokine deprivation???mediated apoptosis of effector CD4+ T cells, Nature Immunology, vol.203, issue.12, pp.1353-1362, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/ni1536

V. Boehmer, H. , and J. Nolting, What turns on Foxp3?, Nature Immunology, vol.178, issue.2, pp.121-122, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.042

L. Passerini, S. E. Allan, M. Battaglia, S. D. Nunzio, A. N. Alstad et al., STAT5-signaling cytokines regulate the expression of FOXP3 in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and CD4+CD25- effector T cells, International Immunology, vol.20, issue.3, pp.421-431, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/intimm/dxn002

T. S. Davidson, R. J. Dipaolo, J. Andersson, and E. M. Shevach, Cutting Edge: IL-2 Is Essential for TGF-??-Mediated Induction of Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol.178, issue.7, pp.4022-4026, 2007.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4022

E. M. Shevach, D. Tran, Q. T. Davidson, and J. Andersson, The critical contribution of TGF-?? to the induction of Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell function, European Journal of Immunology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.915-917, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.200738111

D. Q. Tran, H. Ramsey, and E. M. Shevach, Induction of FOXP3 expression in naive human CD4+FOXP3 T cells by T-cell receptor stimulation is transforming growth factor-?? dependent but does not confer a regulatory phenotype, Blood, vol.110, issue.8, pp.2983-2990, 2007.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2007-06-094656

Y. Tone, K. Furuuchi, Y. Kojima, M. L. Tykocinski, M. I. Greene et al., Smad3 and NFAT cooperate to induce Foxp3 expression through its enhancer, Nature Immunology, vol.85, issue.2, pp.194-202, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ni1549

E. A. Wohlfert and R. B. Clark, ???Vive la R??sistance!??? ??? the PI3K???Akt pathway can determine target sensitivity to regulatory T cell suppression, Trends in Immunology, vol.28, issue.4, pp.154-160, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2007.02.003

C. T. Duthoit, D. J. Mekala, R. S. Alli, and T. L. Geiger, Uncoupling of IL-2 Signaling from Cell Cycle Progression in Naive CD4+ T Cells by Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T Lymphocytes, The Journal of Immunology, vol.174, issue.1, pp.155-163, 2005.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.155

J. D. Fontenot, J. P. Rasmussen, M. A. Gavin, and A. Y. Rudensky, A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells, Nature Immunology, vol.171, issue.11, pp.1142-1151, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80

N. Oberle, N. Eberhardt, C. S. Falk, P. H. Krammer, and E. Suri-payer, Rapid Suppression of Cytokine Transcription in Human CD4+CD25- T Cells by CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells: Independence of IL-2 Consumption, TGF-??, and Various Inhibitors of TCR Signaling, The Journal of Immunology, vol.179, issue.6, pp.3578-3587, 2007.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3578

D. Vignali, How many mechanisms do regulatory T cells need?, European Journal of Immunology, vol.37, issue.4, pp.908-911, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.200738114

Q. Tang and J. A. Bluestone, The Foxp3+ regulatory T cell: a jack of all trades, master of regulation, Nature Immunology, vol.166, issue.3, pp.239-244, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ni1572

Y. Z. Onishi, T. Fehervari, S. Yamaguchi, and . Sakaguchi, Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells preferentially form aggregates on dendritic cells in vitro and actively inhibit their maturation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.10113-10118, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0711106105

M. F. Mohamadzadeh, G. Berard, C. Essert, B. Chalouni, J. Pulendran et al., Interleukin 15 Skews Monocyte Differentiation into Dendritic Cells with Features of Langerhans Cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.12, issue.7, pp.1013-1020, 2001.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.184.2.695

C. Pasare and R. Medzhitov, Toll Pathway-Dependent Blockade of CD4+CD25+ T Cell-Mediated Suppression by Dendritic Cells, Science, vol.299, issue.5609, pp.1033-1036, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1078231

H. Nishimura, T. Yajima, Y. Naiki, H. Tsunobuchi, M. Umemura et al., Differential Roles of Interleukin 15 mRNA Isoforms Generated by Alternative Splicing in Immune Responses in Vivo, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.150, issue.1, pp.157-170, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002523

J. J. Mention, M. B. Ahmed, B. Begue, U. Barbe, V. Verkarre et al., Interleukin 15: a key to disrupted intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and lymphomagenesis in celiac disease, Gastroenterology, vol.125, issue.3, pp.730-745, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)01047-3