. Anonymous, Control of leishmaniases Report of a WHO expert committee, WHO Tech. Rep. Ser, vol.793, pp.1-158, 1990.

R. Badaro, D. Benson, M. C. Eulalio, M. Freire, S. Cunha et al., rK39: A Cloned Antigen of Leishmania chagasi that Predicts Active Visceral Leishmaniasis, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.173, issue.3, pp.758-761, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/173.3.758

R. Badaro, S. G. Reed, A. Barral, G. Orge, and T. C. Jones, Evaluation of the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies in American visceral leishmaniasis; antigen selection for detection of infectionspecific responses, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.35, pp.72-78, 1986.

R. Badaro, S. G. Reed, and E. M. Carvalho, Immunofluorescent antibody test in American visceral leishmaniasis: sensitivity and specificity of different morphological forms of two Leishmania species, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.32, pp.480-484, 1983.

B. Salah, A. , R. Ben-isma?¨lisma?¨l, F. Amri, S. Chlif et al., Investigation of the spread of human visceral leishmaniasis in central Tunisia, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.94, issue.4, pp.382-386, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90112-3

M. Bente, S. Harder, M. Wiesgigl, J. Heukeshoven, C. Gelhaus et al., Developmentally induced changes of the proteome in the protozoan parasiteLeishmania donovani, PROTEOMICS, vol.3, issue.9, pp.1811-1829, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/pmic.200300462

A. Berneman, X. Rolland, and G. Broun, La r??ponse humorale chez l'homme dans les infections ?? Leishmania infantum, Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Immunologie, vol.139, issue.3, pp.267-278, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0769-2625(88)90140-7

E. Bourreau, G. Prevot, J. Gardon, R. Pradinaud, H. Hasagewa et al., LACK-Specific CD4+ T Cells That Induce Gamma Interferon Production in Patients with Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis during an Early Stage of Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.70, issue.6, pp.3122-3129, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.70.6.3122-3129.2002

M. Bradford, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.248-254, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

R. S. Bray, Immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis, Manual of immunology of parasitic infections, pp.66-76, 1976.

J. M. Burns, W. G. Jr, D. R. Shreffler, H. W. Benson, R. Ghalib et al., Molecular characterization of a kinesin-related antigen of Leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.775-779, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.2.775

J. D. Chulay and A. D. Bryceson, Quantification of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in smears of splenic aspirates from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.32, pp.475-479, 1983.

T. G. Evans, E. C. Krug, M. E. Wilson, A. W. Vasconcelos, J. E. De-alencar et al., Evaluation of antibody responses in american visceral leishmaniasis by ELISA and immunoblot, Mem??rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.84, issue.2, pp.157-166, 1989.
DOI : 10.1590/S0074-02761989000200003

. Mayer, Synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.34, pp.241-248, 1996.

H. M. Flinn, D. Rangarajan, and D. F. Smith, Expression of a hydrophilic surface protein in infective stages of Leishmania major, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.65, issue.2, pp.259-270, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6851(94)90077-9

E. Ghedin, W. W. Zhan, H. Charest, S. Sundar, R. T. Kenney et al., Antibody response against a Leishmania donovani amastigote-stage-specific protein in patients with visceral leishmaniasis, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol, vol.4, pp.530-535, 1997.

G. Gonzalez-aseguinolaza, S. Taladriz, A. Marquet, and V. Larraga, Molecular cloning, cell localization and binding affinity to DNA replication proteins of the p36/LACK protective antigen from Leishmania infantum, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.92, issue.3, pp.909-916, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00122.x

E. Handman, A. H. Osborn, F. Symons, R. Van-driel, and R. Cappai, The Leishmania promastigote surface antigen 2 complex is differentially expressed during the parasite life cycle, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.74, issue.2, pp.189-200, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6851(95)02500-6

A. E. Harith, A. H. Kolk, P. A. Kager, J. Leeuwenburg, R. Muigai et al., A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.80, issue.4, pp.583-587, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(86)90149-5

Y. Hayshi, R. Urade, S. Utsumi, and M. Kito, Anchoring of Peptide Elongation Factor EF-1?? by Phosphatidylinositol at the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane, The Journal of Biochemistry, vol.106, issue.4, pp.560-563, 1989.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122895

L. C. Ho, A. Armiugam, K. Jeyaseelan, E. H. Yap, and M. Singh, Blastocystis elongation factor-1??: genomic organization, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships, Parasitology, vol.121, issue.2, pp.135-144, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182099006113

A. Hoerauf, P. Andrade, C. R. Andrade, W. Solbach, and M. Rollinghoff, Immunoblotting as a valuable tool to differentiate human visceral leishmaniasis from lymphoproliferative disorders and other clinically similar diseases, Research in Immunology, vol.143, issue.4, pp.375-383, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/S0923-2494(05)80070-7

M. Hommel, W. Peters, J. Ranque, M. Quilici, and G. Lanotte, The micro-ELISA technique in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, vol.72, issue.3, pp.213-218, 1978.
DOI : 10.1080/00034983.1978.11719308

C. L. Jaffe and M. Zalis, Purification of two Leishmania donovani membrane proteins recognized by sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.27, issue.1, pp.53-62, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6851(88)90024-2

A. T. Jensen, K. Kemp, T. G. Theander, and E. Handman, Cloning, expression and antigenicity of the L. donovani reductase, APMIS, vol.109, issue.6, pp.461-468, 2001.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.090609.x

K. Kar, Serodiagnosis of Leishmaniasis, Critical Reviews in Microbiology, vol.83, issue.2, pp.123-152, 1995.
DOI : 10.3109/10408419509113537

K. J. Kaur and L. Ruben, Protein translation elongation factor 1 from Trypanosoma brucei binds calmodulin, J. Biol. Chem, vol.269, pp.23045-23050, 1994.

U. K. Laemmli, Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4, Nature, vol.244, issue.5259, pp.680-685, 1970.
DOI : 10.1038/227680a0

G. Liu, B. T. Edmonds, and J. Condeelis, pH, EF-1?? and the cytoskeleton, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.6, issue.5, pp.168-171, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0962-8924(96)20013-3

H. Louzir, F. Tebourski, D. F. Smith, R. B. Ismail, and K. Dellagi, Antibodies to Leishmania donovani infantum Heat-Shock Protein 70 in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.169, issue.5, pp.1183-1184, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/169.5.1183

I. A. Maalej, M. Chenick, H. Louzir, A. B. Salah, C. Bahloul et al., Comparative evaluation of ELISAs based on ten recombinant or purified Leishmania antigens for the serodiagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.68, pp.312-320, 2003.

P. Margutti, E. Ortona, S. Vaccari, S. Barca, R. Rigano et al., Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an elongation factor 1beta/delta protein from Echinococcus granulosus with immunogenic activity, Parasite Immunology, vol.65, issue.9, pp.485-492, 1999.
DOI : 10.1159/000023918

S. K. Martin, L. Thuita-harun, M. Adoyo-adoyo, and K. M. Wasunna, promastigotes, Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, vol.26, issue.5, pp.571-577, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/3284056

P. Matsudaira, Sequence from picomole quantities of proteins electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, J. Biol. Chem, vol.262, pp.10035-10038, 1987.

E. Mougneau, F. Altare, A. E. Wakil, S. Zheng, T. Coppola et al., Expression cloning of a protective Leishmania antigen, Science, vol.268, issue.5210, pp.563-566, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7725103

P. J. Murray and T. W. Spithill, Variants of a Leishmania surface antigen derived from a multigenic family, J. Biol. Chem, vol.266, pp.24477-24484, 1991.

D. Nandan, T. Yi, M. Lopez, C. Lai, and N. E. Reiner, Leishmania EF-1alpha Activates the Src Homology 2 Domain Containing Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 Leading to Macrophage Deactivation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.51, pp.50190-50197, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M209210200

O. Farrell, P. Z. , H. M. Goodman, and P. H. , High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of basic as well as acidic proteins, Cell, vol.12, issue.4, pp.1133-1142, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90176-3

E. A. Okong-'o-odera, A. Jorgen, L. Kurtzhals, A. S. Hey, and A. Kharazmi, Measurement of serum antibodies against native Leishmania gp63, CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMUNODOMINANT LEISHMANIA ANTIGENS distinguishes between ongoing and previous L. donovani infection, pp.642-646, 1993.

E. A. Okong-'o-odera, A. Wamachi, J. M. Kagai, J. A. Kurtzhals, J. I. Githure et al., Field application of an ELISA using redefined Leishmania antigens for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.87, issue.4, pp.423-424, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(93)90023-J

E. Ortona, P. Margutti, S. Vaccari, R. Rigano, E. Profumo et al., Elongation factor 1 beta/delta of Echinococcus granulosus and allergic manifestations in human cystic echinococcosis, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.164, issue.1, pp.110-116, 2001.
DOI : 10.1159/000023995

L. Ouelhazi, M. Filali, A. Décendit, J. C. Chenieux, and M. Rideau, Differential protein accumulation in zeatin-and 2,4-D-treated cells of Catharantus roseus. Correlation with indole alkaloid biosynthesis, Plant Physiol. Biochem, vol.31, pp.421-431, 1993.

R. D. Pearson, A. Deq-ueiroz, and . Souza, Clinical Spectrum of Leishmaniasis, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.22, issue.1, pp.1-13, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/22.1.1

E. Pfaff, M. Mussgay, H. O. Böhm, G. E. Schulz, and H. Schaller, Antibodies against a preselected peptide recognize and neutralize foot and mouth disease virus, EMBO J, vol.1, pp.869-874, 1982.

J. W. Priest and S. L. Hajduk, In Vitro Import of the Rieske Iron-Sulfur Protein by Trypanosome Mitochondria, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.271, issue.33, pp.20060-20069, 1996.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.271.33.20060

P. Probst, E. Stromberg, H. W. Ghalib, M. Mozel, R. Badaro et al., Identification and Characterization of T Cell-Stimulating Antigens from Leishmania by CD4 T Cell Expression Cloning, The Journal of Immunology, vol.166, issue.1, pp.498-505, 2001.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.498

L. Quijada, J. M. Requena, M. Soto, and C. Alonso, Analysis of the antigenic properties of the L. infantum Hsp70: design of synthetic peptides for specific serodiagnosis of human leishmaniasis, Immunology Letters, vol.63, issue.3, pp.169-174, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00071-6

T. Rabilloud, J. M. Strub, S. Luche, A. Van-dorsselaer, and J. Lunardi, A comparison between Sypro Ruby and ruthenium II Tris (bathophenanthroline disulfonate) as fluorescent strains for protein detection in gels, Proteomics, vol.5, pp.699-704, 2001.

L. S. Ramagli and L. U. Rodriguez, Quantitation of microgram amounts of protein in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis sample buffer, Electrophoresis, vol.86, issue.11, pp.559-563, 1985.
DOI : 10.1002/elps.1150061109

S. G. Reed, R. Badaro, and R. M. Lloyd, Identification of specific and cross-reactive antigens of Leishmania donovani chagasi by human infection sera, J. Immunol, vol.138, pp.1596-1601, 1987.

J. M. Requena, C. Alonso, and M. Soto, Evolutionarily Conserved Proteins as Prominent Immunogens during Leishmania Infections, Parasitology Today, vol.16, issue.6, pp.246-250, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4758(00)01651-3

L. Rolland, V. Zilberfarb, A. Furtado, and M. Gentilini, Identification of a 94-kilodalton antigen on Leishmania promastigote forms and its specific recognition in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, Parasite Immunology, vol.60, issue.11, pp.599-608, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350

L. Rolland-burger, X. Rolland, C. W. Grieve, and L. Monjour, Immunoblot analysis of the humoral immune response to Leishmania donovani infantum polypeptides in human visceral leishmaniasis, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.29, pp.1429-1435, 1991.

N. Samaras and T. W. Spithill, The developmentally regulated P100/ 11E gene of Leishmania major shows homology to a superfamily of reductase genes, J. Biol. Chem, vol.264, pp.4251-4254, 1989.

W. J. Shreffler, J. M. Burns, J. , R. Badaro, H. W. Ghalib et al., Species, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.167, issue.2, pp.426-430, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/167.2.426

M. Soto, J. M. Requena, L. Gomez, I. Navarete, and C. Alonso, Molecular characterization of a Leishmania donovani infantum antigen identified as histone H2A, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.4, issue.1, pp.211-216, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9525(88)90074-1

M. Soto, J. M. Requena, L. Quijada, M. Garcia, F. Guzman et al., Mapping of the linear antigenic determinants from the Leishmania infantum histone H2A recognized by sera from dogs with leishmaniasis, Immunology Letters, vol.48, issue.3, pp.209-214, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-2478(95)02473-5

M. Soto, J. M. Requena, L. Quijada, M. J. Perez, C. G. Nieto et al., Antigenicity of the Leishmania infantum histones H2B and H4 during canine viscerocutaneous leishmaniasis, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.90, issue.2, pp.342-349, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182096008621

M. K. Stuart, An antibody diagnostic for hymenopteran parasitism is specific for a homologue of elongation factor-1??, Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1998)39:1<1::AID-ARCH2>3.0.CO;2-P

F. Tebourski, A. Gaied, H. Louzir, R. B. Ismail, R. Kammoun et al., Identification of an immunodominant 32-kilodalton membrane protein of Leishmania donovani infantum promastigotes suitable for specific diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.32, pp.2474-2480, 1994.

A. Voller, D. E. Bidwell, and A. Bartlett, Enzyme immunoassays in diagnostic medicine. Theory and practice, Bull. W. H. O, vol.53, pp.55-65, 1976.

F. M. Yang, M. Demma, S. Warren, J. Dharmawardhane, and . Condeelis, Identification of an actin-binding protein from Dictyostelium as elongation factor 1a, Nature, vol.347, issue.6292, pp.494-496, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/347494a0