M. S. Duthie, V. S. Raman, F. M. Piazza, and S. G. Reed, The development and clinical evaluation of second-generation leishmaniasis vaccines, Vaccine, vol.30, issue.2, pp.134-141, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.005

J. Alvar, I. D. Vélez, and C. Bern, Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence, PLoS ONE, vol.83, issue.30, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671.s101
URL : http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035671

P. Desjeux, Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, vol.27, issue.5, pp.305-318, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.03.004

P. M. Gillespie, C. M. Beaumier, U. Strych, T. Hayward, P. J. Hotez et al., Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for leishmaniasis, Vaccine, vol.34, issue.26, pp.2992-2995, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.071

J. Chakravarty, S. Kumar, and S. Trivedi, A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine for use in the prevention of visceral leishmaniasis, Vaccine, vol.29, issue.19, pp.3531-3537, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.096

P. A. Buffet, ´. E. Rosenthal, and J. Gangneux, Traitement des leishmanioses en France??: proposition d???un r??f??rentiel consensuel, La Presse M??dicale, vol.40, issue.2, pp.173-184, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lpm.2010.09.023

L. G. Rocha, J. R. Almeida, R. O. Macêdo, and J. M. Barbosa-filho, A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity, Phytomedicine, vol.12, issue.6-7, pp.6-7, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.10.006

A. M. Brito, D. Santos, S. A. Rodrigues, R. G. Brito, and L. Xavier-filho, Plants with anti-Leishmania activity: Integrative review from 2000 to 2011, Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol.7, issue.1, pp.34-41, 2000.
DOI : 10.4103/0973-7847.112840
URL : http://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.112840

P. J. Weathers, M. Towler, A. Hassanali, P. Lutgen, and P. O. Engeu, : A practical malaria therapeutic for developing countries?, World Journal of Pharmacology, vol.3, issue.4, pp.39-55, 2014.
DOI : 10.5497/wjp.v3.i4.39

K. S. Bora and A. Sharma, : A Comprehensive Review, Pharmaceutical Biology, vol.62, issue.495, pp.101-109, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00889-3

Y. Tariku, A. Hymete, A. Hailu, and J. Rohloff, In vitro Evaluation of Antileishmanial Activity and Toxicity of Essential Oils of Artemisia absinthium and Echinops kebericho, Chemistry & Biodiversity, vol.91, issue.4, pp.614-623, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/cbdv.201000331

L. Monzote, A. Pinón, R. Scull, and W. N. Setzer, Chemistry and leishmanicidal activity of the essential oil from artemisia absinthium from Cuba, Natural Product Communications, vol.9, issue.12, pp.1799-1804, 2014.

S. Hatimi, M. Boudouma, M. Bichichi, N. Chaib, and N. G. Idrissi, In vitro evaluation of antileishmania activity of Artemisia herba alba Asso, Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, pp.29-31, 2001.

M. Islamuddin, A. Farooque, B. S. Dwarakanath, D. Sahal, and F. Afrin, Extracts of Artemisia annua leaves and seeds mediate programmed cell death in Leishmania donovani, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.61, issue.Pt_12, pp.1709-1718, 2012.
DOI : 10.1099/jmm.0.049387-0

M. Islamuddin, G. Chouhan, and M. Y. Want, Corrigendum: Leishmanicidal activities of Artemisia annua leaf essential oil against Visceral Leishmaniasis, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.6, 2014.
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01015

H. N. Le and . Houérou, La végétation de la Tunisie steppique (avec références aux végétations analogues d' Algérie, de Libye et du Maroc, Annales de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, pp.1-624, 1969.

G. Pottier-alapetite and A. , Dicotylédones: Apétales Dialypétales-Gamopétales, The Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique et le Ministère de l' Agriculture, 1981.

M. Neffati and N. Akrimi, Banque de g` enes des plantes pastorales de la zone aride et désertique Matériel récolté et méthodes, 1996.

A. Moufid and M. Eddouks, Artemisia herba alba: A Popular Plant with Potential Medicinal Properties, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.15, issue.24, pp.1152-1159, 2012.
DOI : 10.3923/pjbs.2012.1152.1159
URL : https://doaj.org/article/80c4d26973b04a8e982d4eccb4e56cd0

A. H. Mustafa and O. Y. , Antioxidant Activity of Some Jordanian Medicinal Plants Used Traditionally for Treatment of Diabetes, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.11, issue.3, pp.351-358, 2008.
DOI : 10.3923/pjbs.2008.351.358

Z. B. Abid, M. Feki, A. Hédhili, and M. H. Hamdaoui, <i>Artemisia herba-alba </i>Asso <i>(Asteraceae) </i>Has Equivalent Effects to Green and Black Tea Decoctions on Antioxidant Processes and Some Metabolic Parameters in Rats, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol.51, issue.3, pp.216-222, 2007.
DOI : 10.1159/000104140

A. Akrout, L. A. Gonzalez, H. Jani, and P. C. Madrid, Antioxidant and antitumor activities of Artemisia campestris and Thymelaea hirsuta from southern Tunisia, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol.49, issue.2, pp.342-347, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.003

M. Sefi, H. Fetoui, M. Makni, and N. Zeghal, Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of Artemisia campestris leaf extract on hyperlipidemia, advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol.48, issue.7, pp.1986-1993, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.005

H. Akkari, K. Rtibi, F. B-'chir, M. Rekik, M. A. Darghouth et al., In vitro evidence that the pastoral Artemisia campestris species exerts an anthelmintic effect on Haemonchus contortus from sheep, Veterinary Research Communications, vol.71, issue.3, pp.249-255, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s11259-014-9609-y

A. Houicher, E. Kuley, B. Bendeddouche, and F. Ozogul, Effect of Mentha spicata L. and Artemisia campestris Extracts on the Shelf Life and Quality of Vacuum-Packed Refrigerated Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) Fillets, Journal of Food Protection, vol.76, issue.10, pp.1719-1725, 2013.
DOI : 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-118

R. Essid, F. Z. Rahali, and K. Msaada, Antileishmanial and cytotoxic potential of essential oils from medicinal plants in Northern Tunisia, Industrial Crops and Products, vol.77, pp.795-802, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.049

L. He, Y. Wu, and L. Lin, Hispidulin, a small flavonoid molecule, suppresses the angiogenesis and growth of human pancreatic cancer by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, Cancer Science, vol.68, issue.Suppl 1, pp.219-225, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01778.x

X. Sheng, Y. Sun, Y. Yin, T. Chen, and Q. Xu, Cirsilineol inhibits proliferation of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol.274, issue.11, pp.1523-1529, 2008.
DOI : 10.1211/jpp.60.11.0014

F. Younsi, R. Trimech, and A. Boulila, (Asso.): Composition, Antioxidant, Antiacetylcholinesterase, and Antibacterial Activities, International Journal of Food Properties, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1425-1438, 2015.
DOI : 10.1080/10942912.2012.741175

C. Messaoud, H. Chograni, and M. Boussaid, L. species, Natural Product Research, vol.3, issue.21, pp.1976-1984, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/cbdv.200800170
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01300550

I. F. Benzie and J. J. Strain, The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of ???Antioxidant Power???: The FRAP Assay, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.239, issue.1, pp.70-76, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/abio.1996.0292

H. Kbaier-hachemi, S. Guerbouj, L. Turki-mannoubi, B. Kaabi, and I. Guizani, In vitro growth kinetics, differentiation and morphological characterisation of Tunisian Leishmania infantum parasites, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.106, issue.1, pp.20-25, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.08.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00658393

W. Strober, Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability, Current Protocols in Appendix 3: Appendix 3B, 2001.

J. Mikus and D. Steverding, A simple colorimetric method to screen drug cytotoxicity against Leishmania using the dye Alamar Blue??, Parasitology International, vol.48, issue.3, pp.265-269, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1383-5769(99)00020-3

O. Shimony and C. L. Jaffe, Rapid fluorescent assay for screening drugs on Leishmania amastigotes, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.75, issue.2, pp.196-200, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.05.026

S. Sathpathi, A. K. Mohanty, and P. Satpathi, Comparing Leishman and Giemsa staining for the assessment of peripheral blood smear preparations in a malaria-endemic region in India, Malaria Journal, vol.13, issue.1, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(93)90028-O

O. Zakraoui, C. Marcinkiewicz, and Z. Aloui, Lebein, a snake venom disintegrin, suppresses human colon cancer cells proliferation and tumor-induced angiogenesis through cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and inhibition of VEGF expression, Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol.3, issue.1, 2016.
DOI : 10.1002/mc.22470
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356511

J. Q. Davies and S. Gordon, Isolation and Culture of Murine Macrophages, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol.290, pp.91-103, 2005.
DOI : 10.1385/1-59259-838-2:091

A. Ray and B. N. , Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells, Journal of Visualized Experiments, issue.35, 2010.
DOI : 10.3791/1488

A. L. Foucher, N. Rachidi, and S. Gharbi, Apoptotic Marker Expression in the Absence of Cell Death in Staurosporine-Treated Leishmania donovani, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.57, issue.3, pp.1252-1261, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01983-12
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01433417

H. Zangger, J. C. Mottram, and N. Fasel, Cell death in Leishmania induced by stress and differentiation: programmed cell death or necrosis?, Cell Death and Differentiation, vol.9, issue.10, pp.1126-1139, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401071

H. Mohsen and F. Ali, Essential Oil Composition of Artemisia herba-alba from Southern Tunisia, Molecules, vol.14, issue.4, pp.1585-1594, 2009.
DOI : 10.3390/molecules14041585

M. S. Abu-darwish, C. Cabral, and M. J. Gonçalves, Artemisia herba-alba essential oil from Buseirah (South Jordan): Chemical characterization and assessment of safe antifungal and anti-inflammatory doses, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.174, pp.153-160, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.005

A. Lamiri, A. Belanger, M. Berrada, S. Zrira, and B. Benjilali, Chemical polymorphism of Artemisia herba-alba Asso from Morocco, Proceedings of the Congrès International des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (PAM '97), pp.69-79, 1997.

A. Neffati, I. Skandrani, and M. B. Sghaier, Chemical composition , mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of essential oils from (Tunisian) Artemisia campestris and Artemisia herbaalba, Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol.20, issue.5, pp.471-477, 2008.

V. Masotti, F. Juteau, J. M. Bessì, and J. Viano, and Its Biological Activities, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.51, issue.24, pp.7115-7121, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jf034621y

R. Belhattab, L. Amor, J. G. Barroso, L. G. Pedro, and A. C. Figueiredo, Essential oil from Artemisia herba-alba Asso grown wild in Algeria: Variability assessment and comparison with an updated literature survey, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol.7, issue.2, pp.243-251, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.042

M. J. Abad, L. M. Bedoya, L. Apaza, and P. Bermejo, The Artemisia L. Genus: A Review of Bioactive Essential Oils, Molecules, vol.17, issue.12, pp.2542-2566, 2012.
DOI : 10.3390/molecules17032542

Y. Tariku, A. Hymete, A. Hailu, and J. Rohloff, from Ethiopia, Chemistry & Biodiversity, vol.44, issue.4, pp.1009-1018, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/cbdv.200900375

A. A. Zahir, I. S. Chauhan, and A. Bagavan, Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.59, issue.8, pp.4782-4799, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00098-15

O. Koutsoni, M. Barhoumi, I. Guizani, and E. Dotsika, Leishmania Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (LeIF) Inhibits Parasite Growth in Murine Macrophages, PLoS ONE, vol.148, issue.5, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0097319.g007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01098531

N. K. Verma, G. Singh, and C. S. Dey, Miltefosine induces apoptosis in arsenite-resistant Leishmania donovani promastigotes through mitochondrial dysfunction, Experimental Parasitology, vol.116, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.10.007

A. Dutta, D. Sarkar, A. Gurib-fakim, C. Mandal, and M. Chatterjee, In vitro and in vivo activity of Aloe vera leaf exudate in experimental visceral leishmaniasis, Parasitology Research, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1235-1242, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00436-008-0899-2

H. Ramos, E. Valdivieso, M. Gamargo, F. Dagger, and B. E. Cohen, Amphotericin B Kills Unicellular Leishmanias by Forming Aqueous Pores Permeable to Small Cations and Anions, Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.152, issue.1, pp.65-75, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/s002329900086

R. Sen, S. Bandyopadhyay, and A. Dutta, Artemisinin triggers induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Leishmania donovani promastigotes, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.56, issue.9, pp.1213-1218, 2007.
DOI : 10.1099/jmm.0.47364-0

P. Ghosh, A. Mandal, S. Dey, and C. Pal, Synthesis and in vitro screening of 29, 30-dibromo-28-oxoallobetulin against parasitic protozoans, leishmania donovani and leishmania major, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.77, issue.2, pp.202-207, 2015.
DOI : 10.4103/0250-474X.156596

S. Chandrasekaran, A. Dayakar, J. Veronica, S. Sundar, and R. Maurya, An in vitro study of apoptotic like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes by withanolides, Parasitology International, vol.62, issue.3, pp.253-261, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.parint.2013.01.007