K. E. Jones, Global trends in emerging infectious diseases, Nature, vol.309, issue.7181, pp.990-993, 2008.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1112.050997

K. R. Lips, From The Cover: Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibian community, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.216, issue.2, pp.3165-3170, 2006.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1996.0080

H. Mccallum, Transmission dynamics of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease may lead to disease-induced extinction, Ecology, vol.62, issue.12, pp.3379-3392, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10393-007-0117-1

P. Daszak, A. A. Cunningham, and A. Hyatt, Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health, Science, vol.287, issue.5452, pp.443-449, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.287.5452.443

G. Wozniakowski and E. Samorek-salamonowicz, Animal herpesviruses and their zoonotic potential for cross-species infection. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine: AAEM 22, pp.191-19410, 2015.

E. F. Kaleta, Herpesviruses of birds ??? a review, Avian Pathology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.193-2111003079459008418673, 1080.
DOI : 10.7589/0090-3558-7.2.120

J. J. Goedert, Infectious Causes of Cancer: Targets for Intervention, 2000.

B. Grinde, Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation ??? viral strategies and host response, Journal of Oral Microbiology, vol.3, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003256
URL : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/jom.v5i0.22766?needAccess=true

J. H. Williams, Pathology and immunohistochemistry of papillomavirus-associated cutaneous lesions in Cape mountain zebra, giraffe, sable antelope and African buffalo in South Africa, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, vol.82, pp.97-106, 2011.

E. Van-dyk, Detection and characterisation of papillomavirus in skin lesions of giraffe and sable antelope in South Africa, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, vol.82, issue.2, pp.80-8510, 2011.
DOI : 10.4102/jsava.v82i2.39

R. Durgut, V. S. Ataseven, A. Sagkan-ozturk, and O. H. Ozturk, Evaluation of total oxidative stress and total antioxidant status in cows with natural bovine herpesvirus-1 infection, Journal of Animal Science, vol.91, issue.7, pp.3408-341210, 2013.
DOI : 10.2527/jas.2012-5516

H. Keles, Increased DNA damage and oxidative stress in chickens with natural Marek's disease. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 133, pp.51-58, 2010.

D. Milatovic, Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis is associated with elevated levels of F 2 -isoprostanes and F 4 -neuroprostanes, Journal of Neurovirology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.295-305, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/13550280290100743

L. Pizzatto, C. M. Shilton, and R. Shine, INFECTION DYNAMICS OF THE LUNGWORM RHABDIAS PSEUDOSPHAEROCEPHALA IN ITS NATURAL HOST, THE CANE TOAD (BUFO MARINUS), AND IN NOVEL HOSTS (NATIVE AUSTRALIAN FROGS), Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol.46, issue.4, pp.1152-1164100090, 2010.
DOI : 10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1152

A. E. Savage, Reduced immune function predicts disease susceptibility in frogs infected with a deadly fungal pathogen, Conservation Physiology, vol.4, issue.1, p.11, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/conphys/cow011

A. Zachariah, FATAL HERPESVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN WILD AND ORPHAN ASIAN ELEPHANTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol.49, issue.2, pp.381-39310, 2013.
DOI : 10.7589/2012-07-193
URL : http://www.jwildlifedis.org/doi/pdf/10.7589/2012-07-193

A. Abdelgawad, Comprehensive Serology Based on a Peptide ELISA to Assess the Prevalence of Closely Related Equine Herpesviruses in Zoo and Wild Animals, PLOS ONE, vol.40, issue.3, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0138370.s002

B. J. Barnard, Antibodies against some viruses of domestic animals in southern African wild animals, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res, vol.64, pp.95-110, 1997.

W. A. Hopkins, J. A. Fallon, M. L. Beck, B. H. Coe, and C. M. Jachowski, ) infected and co-infected with endo- and ectoparasites, Conservation Physiology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.10-1093, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/conphys/cow002
URL : https://academic.oup.com/conphys/article-pdf/4/1/cow002/10240576/cow002.pdf

M. Staley and C. Bonneaud, Immune responses of wild birds to emerging infectious diseases, Parasite Immunology, vol.140, issue.Suppl, pp.242-25410, 2015.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182013000930

D. A. Padgett, Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.133, issue.3, pp.7231-72357231, 1998.
DOI : 10.1210/en.133.3.1411

O. Coskun, Stress-related Epstein???Barr virus reactivation, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol.42, issue.1, pp.15-2010, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/00006842-200111000-00007

L. M. Bagenstose, M. M. Mentink-kane, A. Brittingham, D. M. Mosser, and M. Monestier, Mercury enhances susceptibility to murine leishmaniasis, Parasite Immunology, vol.22, issue.12, pp.633-640, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/taap.1995.1111

D. Costantini and S. Verhulst, Does high antioxidant capacity indicate low oxidative stress?, Functional Ecology, vol.430, issue.3, pp.506-509, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01546.x
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01546.x/pdf

S. Baruchel and M. A. Wainberg, The role of oxidative stress in disease progression in individuals infected by the human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of leukocyte biology, vol.52, pp.111-114, 1992.

X. Li, J. Feng, and R. Sun, Oxidative Stress Induces Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Death of Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells, Journal of Virology, vol.85, issue.2, pp.715-72410, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01742-10

S. Legrand-poels, D. Vaira, J. Pincemail, A. Van-de-vorst, and J. Piette, Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Oxidative Stress, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.6, issue.12, pp.1389-13971389, 1990.
DOI : 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1389

J. R. Speakman, Oxidative stress and life histories: unresolved issues and current needs, Ecology and Evolution, vol.64, issue.Suppl 5, pp.5745-575710, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/glp132
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1790/pdf

D. Costantini, Oxidative stress and hormesis in evolutionary ecology and physiology pp 40?41, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-54663-1

B. Halliwell and J. M. Gutteridge, Free radicals in Biology and Medicine, 2007.

K. B. Schwarz, Oxidative stress during viral infection: a review. Free radical biology & medicine 21, pp.641-649, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0891-5849(96)00131-1

J. J. Docherty, Resveratrol inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication, Antiviral Research, vol.43, issue.3, pp.145-155011, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-3542(99)00042-X

A. T. Palamara, New Synthetic Glutathione Derivatives with Increased Antiviral Activities, Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, vol.81, issue.2, pp.83-91, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.81.15.4732

M. Sebastiano, O. Chastel, B. De-thoisy, M. Eens, and D. Costantini, Oxidative stress favours herpes virus infection in vertebrates: a meta-analysis, Current Zoology, vol.62, issue.4, p.19, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/cz/zow019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01333341

J. H. Kavouras, Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection induces oxidative stress and the release of bioactive lipid peroxidation by-products in mouse P19N neural cell cultures, Journal of Neurovirology, vol.13, issue.5, pp.416-42510, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/13550280701460573

S. Kumar, Nuclear Factor kappa B is central to Marek???s Disease herpesvirus induced neoplastic transformation of CD30 expressing lymphocytes in-vivo, BMC Systems Biology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.123-12310, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkl936

J. Hiscott, H. Kwon, and P. Génin, Hostile takeovers: viral appropriation of the NF-kB pathway, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.107, issue.2, pp.143-151, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI11918

C. Wongworawat, Y. Filippova, M. Williams, V. M. Filippov, V. Duerksen-hughes et al., Chronic oxidative stress increases the integration frequency of foreign DNA and human papillomavirus 16 in human keratinocytes, American Journal of Cancer Research, vol.6, pp.764-780, 2016.

A. V. Ivanov, B. Bartosch, and M. G. Isaguliants, Oxidative Stress in Infection and Consequent Disease, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol.35, issue.7, pp.3-3, 2017.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI200114235
URL : http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3496043

D. Marco and F. , Oxidative Stress and HPV Carcinogenesis, Viruses, vol.5, issue.2, pp.708-73110, 2013.
DOI : 10.3390/v5020708

M. Beaulieu and D. Costantini, Biomarkers of oxidative status: missing tools in conservation physiology, Conservation Physiology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.14-01410, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/conphys/cou014

G. Sorci and B. Faivre, Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host-parasite systems, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.95, issue.14, pp.71-830151, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8286
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00356762

B. De-thoisy, Outbreaks of Disease Possibly Due to a Natural Avian Herpesvirus Infection in a Colony of Young Magnificent Frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens)in French Guiana, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol.45, issue.3, pp.802-807802, 2009.
DOI : 10.7589/0090-3558-45.3.802

D. Costantini, Effects of diet quality on serum oxidative status and body mass in male and female pigeons during reproduction, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol.156, issue.2, pp.294-299021, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.02.021

E. Brunelli, F. Domanico, L. Russa, D. Pellegrino, and D. , Sex Differences in Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, Current Drug Targets, vol.15, issue.8, pp.811-815, 2014.
DOI : 10.2174/1389450115666140624112317

J. L. Dujardin and O. Tostain, Les oiseaux de mer nicheurs de Guyane Francaise, Alauda, vol.58, pp.107-134, 1990.

R. Griffiths, M. C. Double, K. Orr, and R. J. Dawson, A DNA test to sex most birds, Molecular Ecology, vol.7, issue.8, pp.1071-1075, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00331.x

A. K. Sinha, Anti-Oxidative Defences Are Modulated Differentially in Three Freshwater Teleosts in Response to Ammonia-Induced Oxidative Stress, PLoS ONE, vol.216, issue.131, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0095319.t002

D. P. Jones, Redefining Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, vol.8, issue.9-10, pp.1865-1879, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1865

R. S. Dhindsa, P. Plumb-dhindsa, and T. A. Thorpe, Leaf Senescence: Correlated with Increased Levels of Membrane Permeability and Lipid Peroxidation, and Decreased Levels of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.32, issue.1, pp.93-101, 1981.
DOI : 10.1093/jxb/32.1.93

H. Aebi, Catalase in vitro, Methods in enzymology 105, pp.121-12610, 1984.

A. Drotar, P. Phelps, and R. Fall, Evidence for glutathione peroxidase activities in cultured plant cells, Plant Science, vol.42, issue.1, pp.35-4010, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9452(85)90025-1

D. Costantini, Correlates of oxidative stress in wild kestrel nestlings (Falco tinnunculus), Journal of Comparative Physiology B, vol.271, issue.4, pp.329-337, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2760(96)00099-9

M. D. Hodges, M. J. Delong, F. C. Forney, and K. R. Prange, Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds, Planta, vol.207, issue.4, pp.604-61110, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s004250050524

R. L. Levine, J. A. Williams, E. R. Stadtman, and E. Shacter, [37] Carbonyl assays for determination of oxidatively modified proteins, Methods in enzymology, vol.233, issue.94, pp.346-35710, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33040-9

J. M. Hilbe, Negative binomial regression 2nd edition Cambridge, 2011.

W. R. Branson, G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison, Avian Medicine: Principles and Application: Chapter 32, 1999.

R. Whitley, D. W. Kimberlin, and C. G. Prober, Pathogenesis and disease, Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis. Chapter, vol.32, 2007.

B. K. Prusty, Imbalanced Oxidative Stress Causes Chlamydial Persistence during Non-Productive Human Herpes Virus Co-Infection, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.10, p.47427, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0047427.s008
URL : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047427

D. K. Styles, E. K. Tomaszewski, L. A. Jaeger, and D. N. Phalen, Psittacid herpesviruses associated with mucosal papillomas in neotropical parrots, Virology, vol.325, issue.1, pp.24-35, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2004.04.033
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2004.04.033

C. Isaksson, I. Sepil, V. Baramidze, and B. C. Sheldon, Explaining variance of avian malaria infection in the wild: the importance of host density, habitat, individual life-history and oxidative stress, BMC Ecology, vol.13, issue.1, pp.1-1110, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00265-010-1037-6

A. T. Palamara, Evidence for antiviral activity of glutathione: in vitro inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication, Antiviral Research, vol.27, issue.3, pp.237-25310, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00008-A

M. J. Koivula, M. Kanerva, J. P. Salminen, M. Nikinmaa, and T. Eeva, Metal pollution indirectly increases oxidative stress in great tit (Parus major) nestlings, Environmental Research, vol.111, issue.3, pp.362-370, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2011.01.005

A. C. Norte, J. A. Ramos, P. M. Araújo, J. P. Sousa, and B. C. Sheldon, ): EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, The Auk, vol.125, issue.4, pp.943-95207188, 2008.
DOI : 10.1525/auk.2008.07188

A. Stier, S. Reichert, F. Criscuolo, and P. Bize, Red blood cells open promising avenues for longitudinal studies of ageing in laboratory, non-model and wild animals, Experimental Gerontology, vol.71, pp.118-134, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01298675

M. Gac, J. Bigda, and T. W. Vahlenkamp, Increased mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression and lowered production of reactive oxygen species during rotavirus infection, Virology, vol.404, issue.2, pp.293-303018, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.018
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.018

A. Meister, M. E. Anderson, and . Glutathione, Annual review of biochemistry 52, pp.711-760003431, 1983.

R. Norman, R. G. Bowers, M. Begon, and P. J. Hudson, Persistence of Tick-borne Virus in the Presence of Multiple Host Species: Tick Reservoirs and Parasite Mediated Competition, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.200, issue.1, pp.111-1180982, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1999.0982

H. Mccallum and A. Dobson, Detecting disease and parasite threats to endangered species and ecosystems, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.10, issue.5, pp.190-19410, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89050-3

D. Castro, F. Bolker, and B. , Mechanisms of disease-induced extinction, Ecology Letters, vol.30, issue.4S, pp.117-126, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/vr.143.2.39

S. A. Trefry, A. W. Diamond, and L. K. Jesson, Wing marker woes: a case study and meta-analysis of the impacts of wing and patagial tags, Journal of Ornithology, vol.61, issue.1, pp.1-1110, 2012.
DOI : 10.1139/z83-148

A. Nuss, C. J. Carlos, I. B. Moreno, and N. J. Fagundes, Population Genetic Structure of the Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens (Aves, Suliformes) Breeding Colonies in the Western Atlantic Ocean, PLOS ONE, vol.31, issue.2, 2016.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0149834.s008

E. K. Silbergeld, I. A. Silva, and J. Nyland, Mercury and autoimmunity: implications for occupational and environmental health, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol.207, issue.2, pp.282-292, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.035

P. Hultman and H. Hansson-georgiadis, Methyl Mercury-Induced Autoimmunity in Mice, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol.154, issue.3, pp.203-2118576, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/taap.1998.8576

I. Lehmann, U. Sack, and J. Lehmann, Metal ions affecting the immune system, Metal ions in life sciences, vol.8, pp.157-185, 2011.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110436624-013

K. P. Lee, S. J. Simpson, and K. Wilson, Dietary protein-quality influences melanization and immune function in an insect, Functional Ecology, vol.82, issue.6, pp.1052-1061, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/284547
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01459.x/pdf

S. Tartu, Mercury exposure, stress and prolactin secretion in an Arctic seabird: an experimental study, Functional Ecology, vol.124, issue.4, pp.596-60410, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/42.3.600
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01320138

S. Tartu, Increased adrenal responsiveness and delayed hatching date in relation to polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in Arctic-breeding black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), General and Comparative Endocrinology, vol.219, pp.165-172, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.018
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01115045

T. Snoeijs, T. Dauwe, R. Pinxten, F. Vandesande, and M. Eens, Heavy metal exposure affects the humoral immune response in a freeliving small songbird, the great tit (Parus major), Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.46, pp.399-40410, 2004.

M. Hoi-leitner, M. Romero-pujante, H. Hoi, and A. Pavlova, Food availability and immune capacity in serin ( Serinus serinus ) nestlings, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol.49, issue.5, pp.333-33910, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002650000310

V. Martinet and F. Blanchard, Fishery externalities and biodiversity: Trade-offs between the viability of shrimp trawling and the conservation of Frigatebirds in French Guiana, Ecological Economics, vol.68, issue.12, pp.2960-2968012, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.06.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01172916

J. L. Osorno, Evolution of breeding behavior in the Magnificent Frigatebird: copulatory pattern and parental investment, 1996.

C. L. Rowe, ???The Calamity of So Long Life???: Life Histories, Contaminants, and Potential Emerging Threats to Long-lived Vertebrates, BioScience, vol.58, issue.7, pp.623-63110, 2008.
DOI : 10.1641/B580709

M. Sebastiano, High levels of mercury and low levels of persistent organic pollutants in a tropical seabird in French Guiana, the Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens, Environmental Pollution, vol.214, pp.384-393, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.070
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01315022

M. M. Christensen, S. Ellermann-eriksen, J. Rungby, and S. C. Mogensen, Influence of mercuric chloride on resistance to generalized infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice, Toxicology, vol.114, issue.1, pp.57-6610, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03409-9