I. Andernach, C. Nolte, J. Pape, and C. Muller, Slave Trade and Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes in Haiti and??Africa, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.15, issue.8, pp.1222-1230, 2009.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1508.081642

R. Arivelo, R. Hendrison, R. Elie, R. Tantely, A. Ramamonjisoa et al., The seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among first time blood donors in Antananarivo (Madagascar) from, Blood Transfus, vol.9, issue.4, pp.475-482, 2003.

P. Boisier, L. Rabarijaona, M. Piollet, J. Roux, and H. Zeller, Summary, Epidemiology and Infection, vol.53, issue.01, pp.133-140, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-077X(05)80999-0

C. M. Croagh, P. Desmond, and S. Bell, Genotypes and viral variants in chronic hepatitis B: A review of epidemiology and clinical relevance, World Journal of Hepatology, vol.7, issue.3, pp.289-303, 2015.
DOI : 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307398

M. Ciccozzi, A. Ciccaglione, L. Presti, A. Equestre, M. Cella et al., Evolutionary dynamics of HBV-D1 genotype epidemic in Turkey, Journal of Medical Virology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.109-125, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037198

M. Ciccozzi, M. Babakir-mina, L. Presti, A. Salpini, R. Cella et al., Molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus in Bulgaria, Journal of Medical Virology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.49-54, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037198

T. Dupinay, K. Restorp, P. Leutscher, D. Rousset, I. Chemin et al., High prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotype E in Northern Madagascar indicates a West-African lineage, Journal of Medical Virology, vol.16, issue.49, pp.1515-1541, 2010.
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-67
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00599781

J. Forbi, G. Vaughan, M. Purdy, D. Campo, G. Xia et al., Epidemic History and Evolutionary Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Two Remote Communities in Rural Nigeria, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.7, p.11615, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0011615.t003

A. Hall, BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignement editor and analysis program for windows 95, NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, vol.98, issue.41, pp.95-98, 1999.

J. Hou, Z. Liu, and F. Gu, Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, International Journal of Medical Sciences, vol.2, issue.1, pp.50-57, 2005.
DOI : 10.7150/ijms.2.50

J. Huelsenbeck and F. Ronquist, MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees, Bioinformatics, vol.17, issue.8, pp.754-759, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754

D. H. Huson and D. Bryant, Application of Phylogenetic Networks in Evolutionary Studies, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.23, issue.2, pp.254-67, 2006.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.1347404

M. Kew, Tumours of the Liver, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.337, issue.sup192, pp.39-42, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90952-L

A. Kramvis, K. Restorp, H. Norder, J. Botha, L. Magnius et al., Full genome analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype E strains from South-Western Africa and madagascar reveals low genetic variability, Journal of Medical Virology, vol.125, issue.1, pp.47-52, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ilar.42.2.85

D. Lavanchy, Worldwide epidemiology of HBV infection, disease burden, and vaccine prevention, Journal of Clinical Virology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.1-3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1386-6532(05)00384-7

L. Presti, A. Ciccozzi, M. Cella, E. Giovanetti, M. Zehender et al., Migration patterns of HIV-1 subtype B virus in Northern Italy, New Microbiol, vol.36, issue.1, pp.75-84, 2013.

J. Mereckiene, S. Cotter, P. Lopalco, D. Ancona, F. Levy-bruhl et al., Hepatitis B immunisation programmes in European Union, Norway and Iceland: Where we were in 2009?, Vaccine, vol.28, issue.28, pp.4470-4477, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.037

R. Migliani, D. Rousset, M. Rakoto-andrianarivelo, L. Rabarijaona, M. Ratsitorahina et al., [Hepatitis B virus infection: a public health problem in Madagascar], Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar, vol.66, issue.12, pp.50-54, 2000.

J. Ott, G. Stevens, and S. Wiersma, The risk of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission: hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) prevalence estimates for all world regions, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.27, issue.RR-16, p.131, 2012.
DOI : 10.1177/004947559702700323

D. Paraskevis, G. Magiorkinis, E. Magiorkinis, S. Ho, R. Belshaw et al., Dating the origin and dispersal of hepatitis B virus infection in humans and primates, Hepatology, vol.53, issue.Pt 5, pp.908-924, 2013.
DOI : 10.4149/av_2009_02_73

D. Posada and K. Crandall, MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution, Bioinformatics, vol.14, issue.9, pp.817-825, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817

M. Price, P. Dehal, and A. Arkin, FastTree 2 ??? Approximately Maximum-Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.3, p.9490, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009490.s003
URL : http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009490

T. Randriamahazo, A. Raherinaivo, Z. Rakotoarivelo, B. Contamin, R. Alson et al., Prevalence of hepatitis B virus serologic markers in pregnant patients in Antananarivo, Madagascar, M??decine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.45, issue.1-2, pp.17-20, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.10.008

M. Slatkin and W. Maddison, A cladistic measure of gene flow inferred from the phylogenies of alleles, Genetics, vol.123, issue.3, pp.603-616, 1989.