. Heymann, Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 18th éd. USA: APHA, 2004.

J. Last, A dictionary of epidemiology. 4th éd, 2001.

W. Eylenbosch and N. Noah, Surveillance in Health and Disease, 1988.

J. Drewe, L. Hoinville, A. Cook, T. Floyd, and K. Stärk, Evaluation of animal and public health surveillance systems: a systematic review, Epidemiology and Infection, vol.28, issue.04, pp.575-90, 2012.
DOI : 10.1017/S0950268803008616

M. Huaman, R. Araujo-castillo, G. Soto, J. Neyra, and J. Quispe, Impact of two interventions on timeliness and data quality of an electronic disease surveillance OJPHI Early-warning health and process indicators for sentinel surveillance in Madagascar, 2007.

J. Chretien and S. Lewis, Electronic public health surveillance in developing settings: meeting summary, BMC Proceedings, vol.2, issue.Suppl 3, p.1, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1753-6561-2-s3-s1

K. Ijaz, E. Kasowski, R. Arthur, F. Angulo, and S. Dowell, International Health Regulations???What Gets Measured Gets Done, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.18, issue.7, pp.1054-57, 2012.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1807.120487

URL : https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/7/pdfs/12-0487.pdf

G. Soto, R. Araujo-castillo, J. Neyra, M. Fernandez, and C. Leturia, Challenges in the implementation of an electronic surveillance system in a resource-limited setting: Alerta, in Peru, BMC Proceedings, vol.2, issue.Suppl 3, p.4, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1753-6561-2-s3-s4

J. Chretien, H. Burkom, E. Sedyaningsih, R. Larasati, and A. Lescano, Syndromic Surveillance: Adapting Innovations to Developing Settings, e72. PubMed http, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050072.t002

URL : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050072

M. Raviglione, R. Gupta, C. Dye, and M. Espinal, The Burden of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Mechanisms for Its Control, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.3, issue.1 DRUG-RESISTAN, pp.88-97, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1061861

L. Randrianasolo, Y. Raoelina, M. Ratsitorahina, L. Ravolomanana, and S. Andriamandimby, Sentinel surveillance system for early outbreak detection in Madagascar, BMC Public Health, vol.3, issue.1, p.31, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1472-6947-3-2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00589394

S. Rajatonirina, J. Heraud, L. Randrianasolo, A. Orelle, and N. Razanajatovo, Short message service sentinel surveillance of influenza-like illness in Madagascar, 2008-2012, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol.90, issue.5, pp.385-89, 2008.
DOI : 10.2471/BLT.11.097816

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01675143

N. Razanajatovo, V. Richard, J. Hoffmann, J. Reynes, and G. Razafitrimo, Viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses in antananarivo, madagascar, july, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.3, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01665250

S. Rajatonirina, J. Heraud, O. A. Randrianasolo, L. Razanajatovo, and N. , The Spread of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Madagascar Described by a Sentinel Surveillance Network, e37067. PubMed http, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037067.t003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00702178

A. Orelle, N. Razanajatovo, S. Rajatonirina, J. Hoffmann, and L. Randrianasolo, Epidemiological and Virological Characterization of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A Virus Subtype H1N1 in Madagascar, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.206, issue.suppl_1, pp.140-187, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jis533

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00836153

J. Buehler, R. Berkelman, D. Hartley, and C. Peters, Syndromic Surveillance and Bioterrorism-related Epidemics, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.9, issue.10, pp.1197-204, 2003.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0910.030231

URL : https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0910.030231

M. Lewis, J. Pavlin, J. Mansfield, O. Brien, S. Boomsma et al., Disease outbreak detection system using syndromic data in the greater Washington DC area1 1Information for the full text of this article is available via AJPM Online at www.ajpm-online.net., American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.23, issue.3, pp.180-86, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00490-7

B. Miller, H. Kassenborg, W. Dunsmuir, J. Griffith, and M. Hadidi, Syndromic Surveillance for Influenzalike Illness in Ambulatory Care Setting, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.10, pp.1806-1817, 2004.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1010.030789

R. Jajosky and S. Groseclose, Evaluation of reporting timeliness of public health surveillance systems for infectious diseases, BMC Public Health, vol.7, issue.No.S-5, pp.1471-2458, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00124784-200107060-00005

R. German, L. Lee, J. Horan, R. Milstein, C. Pertowski et al., Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group, MMWR Recomm Rep. 27 juill, vol.50, pp.1-35, 2001.

D. Heymann and G. Rodier, Hot spots in a wired world: WHO surveillance of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.1, issue.5, pp.345-53, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00148-7

T. Wu, F. Shih, Y. M. Wu, J. Lu, and S. , Establishing a nationwide emergency department-based syndromic surveillance system for better public health responses in Taiwan, BMC Public Health, vol.331, issue.7511, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.331.7511.254

A. Flahault, T. Blanchon, Y. Dorléans, L. Toubiana, and J. Vibert, Virtual surveillance of communicable diseases: a 20-year experience in France, Statistical Methods in Medical Research, vol.52, issue.1, pp.413-434, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.280.15.1330

C. Viboud, P. Boëlle, F. Carrat, A. Valleron, and A. Flahault, Prediction of the Spread of Influenza Epidemics by the Method of Analogues, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.158, issue.10, pp.996-1006, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwg239

D. Costagliola, A. Flahault, D. Galinec, P. Garnerin, and J. Menares, A routine tool for detection and assessment of epidemics of influenza-like syndromes in France., American Journal of Public Health, vol.81, issue.1, pp.97-99, 1991.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.81.1.97

C. Pelat, P. Boëlle, B. Cowling, F. Carrat, and A. Flahault, Online detection and quantification of epidemics, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol.136, issue.19-20, pp.1472-6947, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.artmed.2004.11.002

S. Benth, J. Hofoss, and D. , Modelling and prediction of weekly incidence of influenza A specimens in England and Wales, Epidemiology and Infection, vol.48, issue.12, pp.1658-66, 2008.
DOI : 10.1265/jjh.48.578