R. Sinha, C. Coyle, and A. Ring, Breast cancer in older patients: national cancer registry data, Int J Clin Pract, vol.67, issue.7, pp.698-700, 2013.

M. Ghoussaini, P. D. Pharoah, and D. F. Easton, Inherited genetic susceptibility to breast cancer: the beginning of the end or the end of the beginning?, Am J Pathol, vol.183, issue.4, pp.1038-51, 2013.

J. Feunteun and G. M. Lenoir, BRCA1, a gene involved in inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1242, issue.3, pp.177-80, 1996.

Y. Miki, J. Swensen, D. Shattuck-eidens, P. A. Futreal, K. Harshman et al., A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1, Science, vol.266, issue.5182, pp.66-71, 1994.

S. V. Tavtigian, J. Simard, J. Rommens, F. Couch, D. Shattuck-eidens et al., The complete BRCA2 gene and mutations in chromosome 13q-linked kindreds, Nat Genet, vol.12, issue.3, pp.333-340, 1996.

R. Wooster, G. Bignell, J. Lancaster, S. Swift, S. Seal et al., Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2, Nature, vol.378, issue.6559, pp.789-92, 1995.

A. L. Borresen, T. I. Andersen, J. Garber, N. Barbier-piraux, S. Thorlacius et al., Screening for germ line TP53 mutations in breast cancer patients, Cancer Res, vol.52, issue.11, pp.3234-3240, 1992.

A. Venkateshwari, D. W. Clark, P. Nallari, C. Vinod, T. Kumarasamy et al., BRIP1/FANCJ mutation analysis in a family with history of male and female breast Cancer in India, J Breast Cancer, vol.20, issue.1, pp.104-111, 2017.

P. H. Lin, W. H. Kuo, A. C. Huang, Y. S. Lu, C. H. Lin et al., Multiple gene sequencing for risk assessment in patients with early-onset or familial breast cancer, Oncotarget, vol.7, issue.7, pp.8310-8330, 2016.

L. P. Ren, Y. S. Xian, D. M. Diao, Y. Chen, Q. Guo et al., Further evidence for the contribution of the BRCA1-interacting protein-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1) gene in breast cancer susceptibility, Genet Mol Res, vol.12, issue.4, pp.5793-801, 2013.

H. Meijers-heijboer, J. Wijnen, H. Vasen, M. Wasielewski, A. Wagner et al., The CHEK2 1100delC mutation identifies families with a hereditary breast and colorectal cancer phenotype, Am J Hum Genet, vol.72, issue.5, pp.1308-1322, 2003.

L. Calvez-kelm, F. Lesueur, F. Damiola, F. Vallee, M. Voegele et al., Rare, evolutionarily unlikely missense substitutions in CHEK2 contribute to breast cancer susceptibility: results from a breast cancer family registry case-control mutation-screening study, Breast Cancer Res, vol.13, issue.1, p.6, 2011.

A. Renwick, D. Thompson, S. Seal, P. Kelly, T. Chagtai et al., ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles, Nat Genet, vol.38, issue.8, pp.873-878, 2006.

S. V. Tavtigian, P. J. Oefner, D. Babikyan, A. Hartmann, S. Healey et al., Rare, evolutionarily unlikely missense substitutions in ATM confer increased risk of breast cancer, Am J Hum Genet, vol.85, issue.4, pp.427-473, 2009.

H. Erkko, B. Xia, J. Nikkila, J. Schleutker, K. Syrjakoski et al., A recurrent mutation in PALB2 in Finnish cancer families, Nature, vol.446, issue.7133, pp.316-325, 2007.

A. Cox, A. M. Dunning, M. Garcia-closas, S. Balasubramanian, M. W. Reed et al., A common coding variant in CASP8 is associated with breast cancer risk, Nat Genet, vol.39, issue.3, pp.352-360, 2007.

D. F. Easton, K. A. Pooley, A. M. Dunning, P. D. Pharoah, D. Thompson et al., Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci, Nature, vol.447, issue.7148, pp.1087-93, 2007.

D. J. Hunter, P. Kraft, K. B. Jacobs, D. G. Cox, M. Yeager et al., A genome-wide association study identifies alleles in FGFR2 associated with risk of sporadic postmenopausal breast cancer, Nat Genet, vol.39, issue.7, pp.870-874, 2007.

S. N. Stacey, A. Manolescu, P. Sulem, S. Thorlacius, S. A. Gudjonsson et al., Common variants on chromosome 5p12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptorpositive breast cancer, Nat Genet, vol.40, issue.6, pp.703-709, 2008.

S. Ahmed, G. Thomas, M. Ghoussaini, C. S. Healey, M. K. Humphreys et al., Newly discovered breast cancer susceptibility loci on 3p24 and 17q23.2, Nat Genet, vol.41, issue.5, pp.585-90, 2009.

W. Zheng, J. Long, Y. T. Gao, C. Li, Y. Zheng et al., Genome-wide association study identifies a new breast cancer susceptibility locus at 6q25.1, Nat Genet, vol.41, issue.3, pp.324-332, 2009.

G. Thomas, K. B. Jacobs, P. Kraft, M. Yeager, S. Wacholder et al., A multistage genome-wide association study in breast cancer identifies two new risk alleles at 1p11.2 and 14q24.1 (RAD51L1), Nat Genet, vol.41, issue.5, pp.579-84, 2009.

S. N. Stacey, A. Manolescu, P. Sulem, T. Rafnar, J. Gudmundsson et al., Common variants on chromosomes 2q35 and 16q12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, Nat Genet, vol.39, issue.7, pp.865-874, 2007.

K. Michailidou, P. Hall, A. Gonzalez-neira, M. Ghoussaini, J. Dennis et al., Large-scale genotyping identifies 41 new loci associated with breast cancer risk, Nat Genet, vol.45, issue.4, pp.353-61, 2013.

M. Garcia-closas, F. J. Couch, S. Lindstrom, K. Michailidou, M. K. Schmidt et al., Genome-wide association studies identify four ER negative-specific breast cancer risk loci, Nat Genet, vol.45, issue.4, pp.392-400, 2013.

S. E. Bojesen, K. A. Pooley, S. E. Johnatty, J. Beesley, K. Michailidou et al., Multiple independent variants at the TERT locus are associated with telomere length and risks of breast and ovarian cancer, Nat Genet, vol.45, issue.4, pp.371-84, 2013.

M. Corbex, S. Bouzbid, and P. Boffetta, Features of breast cancer in developing countries, examples from North-Africa, Eur J Cancer, vol.50, issue.10, pp.1808-1826, 1990.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01262542

F. Bray, P. Mccarron, and D. M. Parkin, The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality, Breast Cancer Res, vol.6, issue.6, pp.229-268, 2004.

J. Ferlay, H. R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers et al., Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN, Int J Cancer, vol.127, issue.12, pp.2893-917, 2008.

L. Chouchane, H. Boussen, and K. S. Sastry, Breast cancer in Arab populations: molecular characteristics and disease management implications, Lancet Oncol, vol.14, issue.10, pp.417-441, 2013.

. Labib, Report of the CARE project (CAncer Registration over all Egypt) conducted by the Ministry of health and population, 2006.

N. Mourali, L. R. Muenz, F. Tabbane, S. Belhassen, J. Bahi et al., Epidemiologic features of rapidly progressing breast cancer in Tunisia, Cancer, vol.46, issue.12, pp.2741-2747, 1980.

, International HapMap Consortium. The International HapMap Project, Nature, vol.426, issue.6968, pp.789-96, 2003.

A. Auton, L. D. Brooks, R. M. Durbin, E. P. Garrison, H. M. Kang et al., A global reference for human genetic variation, Nature, vol.526, issue.7571, pp.68-74, 2015.

B. E. Stranger, E. A. Stahl, and T. Raj, Progress and promise of genome-wide association studies for human complex trait genetics, Genetics, vol.187, issue.2, pp.367-83, 2011.

M. L. Freedman, A. N. Monteiro, S. A. Gayther, G. A. Coetzee, A. Risch et al., Principles for the post-GWAS functional characterization of cancer risk loci, Nat Genet, vol.43, issue.6, pp.513-521, 2011.

M. I. Mccarthy and J. N. Hirschhorn, Genome-wide association studies: potential next steps on a genetic journey, Hum Mol Genet, vol.17, issue.R2, pp.156-65, 2008.

Y. Y. Teo, K. S. Small, and D. P. Kwiatkowski, Methodological challenges of genomewide association analysis in Africa, Nat Rev Genet, vol.11, issue.2, pp.149-60, 2010.

K. N. Maxwell and K. L. Nathanson, Common breast cancer risk variants in the post-COGS era: a comprehensive review, Breast Cancer Res, vol.15, issue.6, p.212, 2013.

S. L. Edwards, J. Beesley, J. D. French, and A. M. Dunning, Beyond GWASs: illuminating the dark road from association to function, Am J Hum Genet, vol.93, issue.5, pp.779-97, 2013.

M. S. Udler, K. B. Meyer, K. A. Pooley, E. Karlins, J. P. Struewing et al., FGFR2 variants and breast cancer risk: fine-scale mapping using African American studies and analysis of chromatin conformation, Hum Mol Genet, vol.18, issue.9, pp.1692-703, 2009.

B. M. Henn, L. R. Botigue, S. Gravel, W. Wang, A. Brisbin et al., Genomic ancestry of North Africans supports back-to-Africa migrations, PLoS Genet, vol.8, issue.1, p.1002397, 2012.

B. Halim, N. , B. A. Bouafif, N. Romdhane, L. et al., consanguinity, endogamy, and genetic disorders in Tunisia, J Community Genet, vol.4, issue.2, pp.273-84, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00859212

W. Troudi, N. Uhrhammer, C. Sibille, C. Dahan, W. Mahfoudh et al., Contribution of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to breast cancer in Tunisia, J Hum Genet, vol.52, issue.11, pp.915-935, 2007.

A. Fourati, M. M. Louchez, J. Fournier, A. Gamoudi, K. Rahal et al., Screening for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes: interest in genetic testing of Tunisian families with breast and/or ovarian cancer, Bull Cancer, vol.101, issue.11, pp.36-40, 2014.

J. Shan, W. Mahfoudh, S. P. Dsouza, E. Hassen, N. Bouaouina et al., Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) breast cancer susceptibility loci in Arabs: susceptibility and prognostic implications in Tunisians, Breast Cancer Res Treat, vol.135, issue.3, pp.715-739, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01375153

S. A. Miller, D. D. Dykes, and H. F. Polesky, A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.16, issue.3, p.1215, 1988.

R. B. Scharpf, R. A. Irizarry, M. E. Ritchie, B. Carvalho, and I. Ruczinski, Using the R package crlmm for genotyping and copy number estimation, J Stat Softw, vol.40, issue.12, pp.1-32, 2011.

J. R. Gonzalez, L. Armengol, X. Sole, E. Guino, J. M. Mercader et al., SNPassoc: an R package to perform whole genome association studies, Bioinformatics, vol.23, issue.5, pp.644-649, 2007.

J. C. Barrett, B. Fry, J. Maller, and M. J. Daly, Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps, Bioinformatics, vol.21, issue.2, pp.263-268, 2005.

S. B. Gabriel, S. F. Schaffner, H. Nguyen, J. M. Moore, J. Roy et al., The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome, Science, vol.296, issue.5576, pp.2225-2234, 2002.

M. Stephens, N. J. Smith, and P. Donnelly, A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data, Am J Hum Genet, vol.68, issue.4, pp.978-89, 2001.

S. V. Tavtigian, M. S. Greenblatt, F. Lesueur, and G. B. Byrnes, In silico analysis of missense substitutions using sequence-alignment based methods, Hum Mutat, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1327-1363, 2008.

P. C. Ng and S. Henikoff, Predicting deleterious amino acid substitutions, Genome Res, vol.11, issue.5, pp.863-74, 2001.

A. P. Boyle, E. L. Hong, M. Hariharan, Y. Cheng, M. A. Schaub et al., Annotation of functional variation in personal genomes using RegulomeDB, Genome Res, vol.22, issue.9, pp.1790-1797, 2012.

T. P. Yang, C. Beazley, S. B. Montgomery, A. S. Dimas, M. Gutierrez-arcelus et al., Genevar: a database and Java application for the analysis and visualization of SNP-gene associations in eQTL studies, Bioinformatics, vol.26, pp.2474-2480, 2010.

J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. Dikshit, S. Eser, C. Mathers et al., Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012, Int J Cancer, vol.136, issue.5, pp.359-86, 2015.

N. Chalabi, D. J. Bernard-gallon, Y. J. Bignon, F. Kwiatkowski, M. Agier et al., Comparative clinical and transcriptomal profiles of breast cancer between French and South Mediterranean patients show minor but significative biological differences, Cancer Genomics Proteomics, vol.5, issue.5, pp.253-61, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02045436

I. Medimegh, W. Troudi, I. Omrane, H. Ayari, N. Uhrhummer et al., Consanguinity protecting effect against breast Cancer among Tunisian women: analysis of BRCA1 haplotypes, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, vol.16, issue.9, pp.4051-4056, 2015.

W. Mahfoudh, N. Bouaouina, S. B. Ahmed, S. Gabbouj, J. Shan et al., Hereditary breast cancer in middle eastern and North African (MENA) populations: identification of novel, recurrent and founder BRCA1 mutations in the Tunisian population, Mol Biol Rep, vol.39, issue.2, pp.1037-1083, 2012.

A. Riahi, M. Kharrat, M. E. Ghourabi, F. Khomsi, A. Gamoudi et al., Mutation spectrum and prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in patients with familial and early-onset breast/ovarian cancer from Tunisia, Clin Genet, vol.87, issue.2, pp.155-60, 2015.

I. Medimegh, W. Troudi, N. Stambouli, H. Khodjet-el-khil, O. Baroudi et al., Wild-type genotypes of BRCA1 gene SNPs combined with micro-RNA over-expression in mammary tissue leading to familial breast cancer with an increased risk of distant metastases' occurrence, Med Oncol, vol.31, issue.11, p.255, 2014.

R. Kefi, S. Hsouna, B. Halim, N. Lasram, K. Romdhane et al., Phylogeny and genetic structure of Tunisians and their position within Mediterranean populations, Mitochondrial DNA, vol.26, issue.4, pp.593-604, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01060980

B. Halim, N. Dorboz, I. Kefi, R. Kharrat, N. Eymard-pierre et al., Determination of arylsulfatase a pseudodeficiency allele and haplotype frequency in the Tunisian population, Neurol Sci, vol.37, issue.3, pp.403-412, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01374976

H. Ennafaa, R. Fregel, H. Khodjet-el-khil, A. M. Gonzalez, H. A. Mahmoudi et al., Benammar-Elgaaied A. Mitochondrial DNA and Ychromosome microstructure in Tunisia, J Hum Genet, vol.56, issue.10, pp.734-775, 2011.

K. Fadhlaoui-zid, B. Martinez-cruz, H. Khodjet-el-khil, I. Mendizabal, A. Benammarelgaaied et al., Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages, Am J Phys Anthropol, vol.146, issue.2, pp.271-80, 2011.

L. Cherni, V. Fernandes, J. B. Pereira, M. D. Costa, A. Goios et al., Post-last glacial maximum expansion from Iberia to North Africa revealed by fine characterization of mtDNA H haplogroup in Tunisia, Am J Phys Anthropol, vol.139, issue.2, pp.253-60, 2009.

E. A. Ruiz-narvaez, L. Rosenberg, S. Yao, C. N. Rotimi, A. L. Cupples et al., Fine-mapping of the 6q25 locus identifies a novel SNP associated with breast cancer risk in AfricanAmerican women, Carcinogenesis, vol.34, issue.2, pp.287-91, 2013.

J. Long, B. Zhang, L. B. Signorello, Q. Cai, S. Deming-halverson et al., Evaluating genomewide association study-identified breast cancer risk variants in AfricanAmerican women, PLoS One, vol.8, issue.4, p.58350, 2013.

Y. Hamdi, P. Soucy, V. Adoue, K. Michailidou, S. Canisius et al., Association of breast cancer risk with genetic variants showing differential allelic expression: identification of a novel breast cancer susceptibility locus at 4q21, Oncotarget, vol.7, issue.49, pp.80140-63, 2016.

F. Chen, G. K. Chen, R. C. Millikan, E. M. John, C. B. Ambrosone et al., Fine-mapping of breast cancer susceptibility loci characterizes genetic risk in African Americans, Hum Mol Genet, vol.20, issue.22, pp.4491-503, 2011.

Z. D. Xiao, X. Liu, L. Zhuang, and B. Gan, NBR2: a former junk gene emerges as a key player in tumor suppression, Mol Cell Oncol, vol.3, issue.4, p.1187322, 2016.

S. Luo, J. Y. Lu, L. Liu, Y. Yin, C. Chen et al., Divergent lncRNAs regulate gene expression and lineage differentiation in pluripotent cells, Cell Stem Cell, vol.18, issue.5, pp.637-52, 2016.

C. L. Hung, L. Y. Wang, Y. L. Yu, H. W. Chen, S. Srivastava et al., A long noncoding RNA connects c-Myc to tumor metabolism, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.111, issue.52, pp.18697-702, 2014.

Z. D. Xiao, L. Zhuang, and B. Gan, Long non-coding RNAs in cancer metabolism, BioEssays, vol.38, issue.10, pp.991-997, 2016.

L. Salmena, L. Poliseno, Y. Tay, L. Kats, and P. P. Pandolfi, A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta stone of a hidden RNA language?, Cell, vol.146, issue.3, pp.353-361, 2011.

C. Pastrello, M. Tsay, R. Mcquaid, M. Abovsky, E. Pasini et al., Circulating plant miRNAs can regulate human gene expression in vitro, Sci Rep, vol.6, p.32773, 2016.

A. R. Chin, M. Y. Fong, G. Somlo, J. Wu, P. Swiderski et al., Crosskingdom inhibition of breast cancer growth by plant miR159, Cell Res, vol.26, issue.2, pp.217-245, 2016.

K. Wang, H. Li, Y. Yuan, A. Etheridge, Y. Zhou et al., The complex exogenous RNA spectra in human plasma: an interface with human gut biota?, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.12, p.51009, 2012.

D. G. Cox, J. Simard, D. Sinnett, Y. Hamdi, P. Soucy et al., Common variants of the BRCA1 wild-type allele modify the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers, Hum Mol Genet, vol.20, issue.23, pp.4732-4779, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00790211