M. H. Alimohammadian, A. Khamesipour, H. Darabi, A. Firooz, S. Malekzadeh et al., The role of BCG in human immune responses induced by multiple injections of autoclaved Leishmania major as a candidate vaccine against leishmaniasis, vol.2, pp.174-180, 2002.

R. X. Armijos, M. M. Weigel, M. Calvopina, A. Hidalgo, W. Cevallos et al., Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an autoclaved Leishmania amazonensis vaccine plus BCG adjuvant against New World cutaneous leishmaniasis, Vaccine, vol.22, pp.1320-1326, 2004.

Y. Belkaid, E. Von-stebut, S. Mendez, R. Lira, E. Caler et al., CD8 + T cells required for primary immunity in C57BL/6 mice following low dose, intradermal challenge with Leishmanai major, J. Immunol, vol.168, pp.3992-4000, 2002.

B. Ismail, R. , B. Rachid, and M. , Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Tunisia, pp.73-80, 1989.

B. Salah, A. Louzir, H. Chlif, S. Mokni, M. Zaâtour et al., The predictive validity of naturally acquired delayed-type hypersensitivity to leishmanin in resistance to Leishmania major-associated cutaneous leishmaniasis, J. Inf. Dis, vol.192, 1981.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00874052

J. Bettaieb and M. Nouira, Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia, The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis, pp.79-90, 2017.

J. Bettaieb, A. Toumi, S. Chlif, B. Chelghaf, A. Boukthir et al., Prevalence and determinants of Leishmania major infection in emerging and old foci in Tunisia, Parasit. Vectors, vol.7, p.386, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01358530

R. L. Bottrel, W. O. Dutra, F. A. Martins, B. Gontijo, E. Carvalho et al., Flow cytometric determination of cellular sources and frequencies of key cytokine-producing lymphocytes directed against recombinant LACK and soluble Leishmania antigen in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, Infect. Immun, vol.69, pp.3232-3239, 2001.

T. Bousoffara, H. Louzir, A. Ben-salah, and K. Dellagi, Analysis of granzyme B activity as a surrogate marker of Leishmania-specific cell mediated cytotoxicity in zoonotic cutaneous leismaniasis, J. Infect. Dis, vol.189, p.126571263, 2004.

C. I. Brodskyn, A. Barral, V. Boaventura, E. Carvalho, and M. Barrelnetto, Parasite-driven in vitro human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against autologous infected macrophages from mucosal leishmaniasis, J. Immunol, vol.159, pp.4467-4473, 1997.

T. M. Cardoso, A. Machado, D. L. Costa, L. P. Carvalho, A. Queiroz et al., Protective and pathological functions of CD8 + T Cells in Leishmania braziliensis infection, Infect. Immun, vol.83, pp.898-906, 2015.

F. Conceição-silva, R. C. Dórea, C. Pirmez, A. Schubach, S. G. Coutinho et al., Quantitative study of Leishmania braziliensis reactive T cells in peripheral blood and in the lesions of patients with American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.79, pp.2813-2817, 1990.

A. M. Da-cruz, A. L. Bertho, M. P. Oliveiraneto, C. , and S. G. , Flow cytometric analysis of cellular infiltrate from American tegumentary leishmaniasis lesions, Br. J. Dermatol, vol.153, pp.537-543, 2005.

A. M. Da-cruz, R. Bittar, M. Mattos, M. P. Oliveira-neto, R. Nogueira et al., T-cell-mediated immune responses in patients with cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis: long-term evaluation after therapy, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol, vol.9, pp.251-256, 2002.

A. M. Da-cruz, F. Conceicao-silva, A. L. Bertho, and S. G. Coutinho, Leishmania reactive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells associated with cure of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, Infect. Immun, vol.62, pp.2614-2618, 1994.

M. L. Dantas, J. C. Oliveira, L. Carvalho, S. T. Passos, A. Queiroz et al., CD8 + T cells in situ in different clinical forms of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop, vol.46, pp.728-734, 2013.

C. R. Davies, E. A. Lianos-cuentas, S. D. Pyke, and C. Dye, Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.114, pp.297-318, 1995.

P. M. De-luca, W. Mayrink, J. A. Pinto, S. G. Coutinho, M. A. Santiago et al., A randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial to evaluate the immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine against American tegumentary leishmaniasis, Acta. Trop, vol.80, pp.251-260, 2001.

C. De-oliveira-mendes-aguiar, R. Vieira-gonçalves, L. H. Guimarães, M. P. De-oliveira-neto, E. M. Carvalho et al., Effector memory CD4 + T cells differentially express activation associated molecules depending on the duration of American cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.185, pp.202-209, 2016.

M. S. Duthie, V. S. Raman, F. M. Piazza, R. , and S. G. , The development and clinical evaluation of second-generation leishmaniasis vaccines, Vaccine, vol.30, pp.134-141, 2012.

D. R. Faria, P. E. Souza, F. V. Duraes, E. M. Carvalho, K. J. Gollob et al., Recruitment of CD8 + T cells expressing granzyme A is associated with lesion progression in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, Parasit. Immunol, vol.31, pp.432-439, 2009.

R. Ferraz, C. F. Cunha, A. Gomes-silva, A. O. Schubach, M. I. Pimentel et al., Apoptosis and frequency of total and effector CD8 + T lymphocytes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients during antimonial therapy, BMC Infect. Dis, vol.19, p.74, 2015.

R. Ferraz, C. F. Cunha, M. I. Pimentel, R. Ferraz, M. R. Lyra et al., CD3 + CD4 neg CD8 neg (double negative) T lymphocytes and NKT cells as the main cytotoxic-related-CD107a + cells in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Parasit. Vectors, vol.10, p.219, 2017.

A. Gaafar, B. Veress, H. Permin, A. Kharazmi, T. G. Theander et al., Characterization of the local and systemic immune responses in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major, Clin. Immunol, vol.91, pp.314-320, 1999.

S. Y. Guirges, Natural and experimental re-infection of man with oriental score, Ann Trop Med Parasitol, vol.65, pp.197-205, 1971.

C. Kébaïer, H. Louzir, M. Chenik, A. Ben-salah, and K. Dellagi, Heterogeneity of wild Leishmania major isolates in experimental murine pathogenicity and specific immune response, Infect. Immun, vol.69, pp.4906-4915, 2001.

E. A. Khalil, A. M. El-hassan, E. E. Zijlstra, M. M. Mukhtar, H. W. Ghalib et al., Autoclaved Leishmania major vaccine for prevention of visceral leishmaniasis: a randomised, double-blind, BCG-controlled trial in Sudan, Lancet, vol.356, pp.1565-1569, 2000.

F. Y. Liew and C. A. Donnell, Immunology of leishmaniasis, Adv. Parasitol, vol.32, pp.161-259, 1993.

C. Marry, V. Auriault, B. Faugere, and A. J. Dessein, Control of Leishmania infantum infection is associated with CD8 + and gamma interferonand interleukin-5-producing CD4 + antigen-specific T cells, Infect. Immun, vol.67, pp.5559-5566, 1999.

M. Boroujeni, A. Aminjavaheri, M. Moshtaghian, B. Momeni, A. Momeni et al., Reevaluating leishmanin skin test as a marker for immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis, Int. J. Dermatol, vol.52, pp.827-830, 2013.

I. Naouar, T. Boussoffara, M. B. Ahmed, N. B. Hmida, A. Gharbi et al., Involvement of different CD4 + T cell subsets producing granzyme B in the immune response to Leishmania major antigens, Mediators. Inflamm, p.636039, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01059851

M. Nateghi-rostami, H. Keshavarz, R. Edalat, A. Sarrafnejad, T. Shahrestani et al., CD8 + T cells as a source of IFN-gamma production in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis, vol.4, 2010.

F. O. Novais, L. P. Carvalho, J. W. Graff, D. P. Beiting, G. Ruthel et al., Cytotoxic T cells mediate pathology and metastasis in cutaneous leishmaniasis, PLoS Pathog, vol.9, p.1003504, 2013.

F. O. Novais and P. Scott, CD8 + T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the good, the bad, and the ugly, vol.37, pp.251-259, 2015.

R. Reithinger, J. C. Dujardin, H. Louzir, C. Pirmez, B. Alexander et al., Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Lancet Infect. Dis, vol.7, pp.581-596, 2007.

E. G. Rhee, S. Mendez, J. A. Shah, C. Y. Wu, J. R. Kirman et al., Vaccination with heat-killed Leishmania antigen or recombinant leishmanial protein and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces long-term memory CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses and protection against Leishmania major infection, J. Exp. Med, vol.195, pp.1565-1573, 2002.

K. J. Rothman, S. Greenland, and T. L. Lash, Measure of effect and measures of associations, Modern Epidemiology, pp.51-70, 2008.

J. H. Ruiz and I. Becker, CD8 cytotoxic T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis, Parasit. Immunol, vol.29, pp.671-678, 2007.

D. M. Russo, P. Chakrabarti, and A. Y. Higgins, Leishmania: naïve human T cells sensitized with promastigote antigen and IL-12 develop into potent Th1 and CD8 + cytotoxic effectors, Exp Parasitol, vol.93, pp.161-170, 1999.

C. S. Santos, V. Boaventura, C. Ribeiro-cardoso, N. Tavares, and M. J. Lordelo, CD8 + granzyme B +-mediated tissue injury vs. CD4 + IFN gamma +mediated parasite killing in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, J. Invest. Dermatol, vol.133, pp.1533-1540, 2013.

A. Sassi, H. Louzir, A. Ben-salah, M. Mokni, A. Ben-osman et al., Leishmanin skin test lymphoproliferative response and cytokine production after symptomatic or asymptomatic Leishmania major infection in Tunisia, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.116, pp.127-132, 1999.

I. Sharifi, A. R. Fekri, M. R. Aflatonian, A. Khamesipour, A. Nadim et al., Randomised vaccine trial of single dose of killed Leishmania major plus BCG against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in, Lancet, vol.35, pp.1540-1543, 1998.

E. H. Spaeny-dekking, W. L. Hanna, A. M. Wolbink, P. C. Wever, A. J. Kummer et al., Extracellular granzymes A and B in humans: direction of native species during CTL responses in vitro and in vivo, J. Immunol, vol.160, pp.3610-3616, 1998.

S. Stäger, R. , and S. , CD8 + T cells in Leishmania infections: friends or foes?, Front. Immunol, vol.24, p.5, 2012.

G. Van-belle, L. D. Fisher, P. J. Heagerty, and T. S. Lumley, Counting Data, Biostatistics: A Methodology for the Health Sciences, pp.151-207, 2004.