A. Addebbous, L. Adarmouch, A. Tali, M. Laboudi, M. Amine et al., IgG antiToxoplasma antibodies among asymptomatic HIV-infected patients in Marrakesh-Morocco, Acta Tropica, vol.123, pp.49-52, 2012.

F. Z. Abdelhadi, S. A. Abdelhadi, A. Niar, B. Benallou, S. Meliani et al., Abortions in cattle on the level of Tiaret Area (Algeria). Global Veterinaria, vol.14, pp.638-645, 2015.

D. M. Abdel-hameed and O. Hassanein, Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from female patients with toxoplasmosis, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.38, pp.511-520, 2008.

H. A. Ahmed, S. M. Shafik, M. Ali, S. T. Elghamry, and A. A. Ahmed, Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in milk and risk factors analysis of seroprevalence in pregnant women at Sharkia, Egypt. Veterinary World, vol.7, pp.594-600, 2014.

D. Ajzenberg, I. Lamaury, M. Demar, C. Vautrin, A. Cabié et al., Performance testing of PCR assay in blood samples for the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients from the French departments of America and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii: A prospective and multicentric study, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.10, issue.6, p.4790, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01503761

Y. M. Al-kappany, C. Rajendran, L. R. Ferreira, O. Kwok, S. A. Abu-elwafa et al., High prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cats from Egypt: isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii, tissue distribution, and isolate designation, Journal of Parasitology, vol.96, pp.1115-1118, 2010.

Y. M. Al-kappany, M. R. Lappin, O. Kwok, S. A. Abu-elwafa, M. Hilali et al., Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and concurrent Bartonella spp., feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, and Dirofilaria immitis infections in Egyptian cats, Journal of Parasitology, vol.97, pp.256-258, 2011.

A. Aa, R. A. Somia, A. A. El-buni, B. B. Annajar, and M. Elsaid, Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sheep from Libya, International Journal of Advanced Research, vol.1, pp.148-154, 2013.

S. Amairia, M. Rouatbi, M. R. Rjeibi, H. Nouasri, L. Sassi et al., Molecular prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in goats' milk and seroprevalence in Northwest Tunisia, Veterinary Medicine and Science, vol.2, pp.154-160, 2016.

Y. Amdouni, M. R. Rjeibi, M. Rouatbi, S. Amairia, S. Awadi et al., Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) in Northwest Tunisia, Meat Science, vol.133, pp.180-184, 2017.

M. A. Amrei, A. M. Al-hamshary, O. A. Fotoh, and S. Abdel-rahman, Studies on prenatal infections in children with unknown cause of mental retardation and examination of their mothers, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.29, pp.59-67, 1999.

K. I. Ashmawy, S. S. Abuakkada, and A. M. Awad, Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in farmed domestic rabbits in Egypt, Zoonoses Public Health, vol.58, pp.357-364, 2011.

M. E. Azab, A. M. Kamel, K. M. Makled, H. Khattab, E. A. El-zayyat et al., Naturally occurring Toxoplasma antibodies in serum and milk of lactating women, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.22, pp.561-568, 1992.

S. M. Azwai, F. T. El-gammoudi, and S. Gameel, A serological survey of toxoplasmosis in some animal species in Libya, Alex. J. Vet. Sci, vol.9, issue.3, pp.133-135, 1993.

F. Bachi, S. A. Yebbous-bensaid, E. Gourbdji, and M. L. Dardé, First molecular characterization of two Algerian strains of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from two congenital toxoplasmosis case patients, Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.48, pp.78-80, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02044839

L. Balozet, Enquête sérologique sur la toxoplasmose de l'homme et du chien dans la région d'Alger. Archives de l, Institut Pasteur, vol.33, pp.78-83, 1955.

A. Barkat, M. Kabiri, H. Tligui, and L. N. Bouazzaoui, Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Morocco, Pediatric Research, vol.68, pp.486-487, 2010.

A. M. Barakat, L. Salem, A. El-newishy, R. M. Shaapan, and E. K. El-mahllawy, Zoonotic chicken toxoplasmosis in some Egyptians governorates, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.15, pp.821-826, 2012.

A. Bchir, H. Jebara, M. Soltani, S. Ennigrou, M. Kheder et al., Séroépidémiologie de la toxoplasmose chez les femmes enceintes dans la région de Monastir (Tunisie), Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.22, pp.951-953, 1992.

E. Bertranpetit, T. Jombart, E. Paradis, H. Pena, J. Dubey et al., Phylogeography of Toxoplasma gondii points to a South American origin. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.48, pp.150-155, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502248

J. P. Boyle, B. Rajasekar, J. Saeij, J. W. Ajioka, M. Berriman et al., Just one cross appears capable of dramatically altering the population biology of a eukaryotic pathogen like Toxoplasma gondii, vol.103, pp.10514-10519, 2006.

D. Buxton, K. Thomson, S. Maley, S. Wright, and H. J. Bos, Vaccination of sheep with a live incomplete strain (S48) of Toxoplasma gondii and their immunity to challenge when pregnant, Veterinary Record, vol.129, pp.89-93, 1991.

D. Buxton and J. Finlayson, Experimental infection of pregnant sheep with Toxoplasma gondii: pathological and immunological observations on the placenta and foetus, Journal of Comparative Pathology, vol.96, pp.319-333, 1986.

I. Belbacha, J. Hafid, T. M. Sung, R. , F. P. Raberin et al., Toxoplasma gondii: level of carriage in sheep of Marrakech region (Mnabha). Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, vol.146, pp.561-564, 2004.

R. Ben-abdallah, K. Aoun, E. Siala, O. Souissi, R. Maatoug et al., Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical and biological analysis of 11 cases in Tunisia, Archives de Pédiatrie, vol.16, pp.118-121, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01375180

R. Ben-abdallah, E. Siala, A. Bouafsoun, R. Maatoug, O. Souissi et al., Toxoplasmosis mother-to-child screening: study of cases followed in the Pasteur Institute of Tunis, vol.106, pp.108-112, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01003081

N. Ben-ayed-nouira, S. Hafsia, S. Khaled, F. Zhioua, M. Ferchiou et al., Incidence of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and risk of fetal infection, Tunisie Médicale, vol.72, pp.487-491, 1994.

A. Benkirane, N. Jabli, and A. Rodolakis, Fréquence d'avortement et séroprévalence des principales maladies infectieuses abortives ovines dans la région de Rabat (Maroc), Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires, vol.21, issue.4, pp.267-273, 1990.

A. Benkirane, S. Essamkaoui, E. Idrissi, A. Lucchese, L. Natale et al., Indagine sierologica sulle più comuni cause di aborto infettivo nei piccoli ruminanti in Marocco, Veterinaria Italiana, vol.51, pp.25-30, 2015.

M. Rouatbi, Parasite, vol.26, issue.6, 2019.

M. S. Ben-rachid and R. Blaha, Human and animal toxoplasmosis in Tunisia, Tunisie Médicale, vol.48, pp.101-110, 1970.

H. Berredjem, H. Aouras, M. Benlaifa, I. Becheker, and M. R. Djebar, Contribution of IgG avidity and PCR for the early diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women from the NorthEastern region of Algeria, African Health Sciences, vol.17, pp.647-656, 2017.

M. F. Biava, J. M. , E. Mansouri, A. Percebois, and G. , Etude séro-épidémiologique de la toxoplasmose à Marrakech (Maroc), 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/s0399-077x(83)80050-x

, Médecine et Maladies infectieuses, vol.13, pp.503-506

S. Boughattas, R. Bergaoui, R. Essid, K. Aoun, and A. Bouratbine, Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among horses in Tunisia, Parasites & Vectors, vol.4, p.218, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00734393

S. Boughattas, K. Ayari, T. Sa, K. Aoun, and A. Bouratbine, Survey of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii in human consumed ovine meat in Tunis City, PLoS One, vol.9, p.85044, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01098543

A. Bouratbine, E. Siala, M. K. Chahed, K. Aoun, B. Ismail et al., Sero-epidemiologic profile of toxoplasmosis in northern Tunisia, Parasite, vol.8, pp.61-66, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02025118

A. Dahmani, K. Harhoura, M. Aissi, S. Zenia, B. Hamriouri et al., The zoonotic protozoan of sheep carcasses in the north of Algeria: A case of ovine toxoplasmosis, Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, vol.69, pp.1004-1012, 2018.

A. S. Dechicha, F. Bachi, I. Gharbi, E. Gourbdji, D. B. Ammi et al., Sero-epidemiological survey on toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep and goats in Algeria, African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.10, pp.2113-2119, 2015.

L. C. Do-nascimento, H. Pena, L. Filho, R. V. Argenta, F. F. Alves et al., Rare case of acute toxoplasmosis in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Brazil associated with the type Br III Brazilian clonal lineage of Toxoplasma gondii, Parasitology Research, vol.116, pp.2873-2876, 2017.

J. P. Dubey, M. R. Lappin, and P. Thulliez, Long-term antibody responses of cats fed Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts, Journal of Parasitology, vol.81, pp.887-893, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/3284035

J. P. Dubey, History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, International Journal of Parasitology, vol.39, pp.877-882, 2009.

J. P. Dubey, Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans, 2010.

J. P. Dubey, D. H. Graham, E. Dahl, M. Hilali, A. El-ghaysh et al., Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens and ducks from Egypt, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.114, pp.89-95, 2003.

J. P. Dubey, D. S. Lindsay, and C. A. Speer, Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.11, pp.267-299, 1998.

A. Dumètre, D. Ajzenberg, L. Rozette, A. Mercier, and M. L. Dardé, Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep from HauteVienne, France, seroprevalence and isolate genotyping by microsatellite analysis, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.142, pp.376-379, 2006.

A. M. Behairy, S. Choudhary, L. R. Ferreira, O. Kwok, M. Hilali et al., Genetic characterization of viable Toxoplasma gondii isolates from stray dogs from Giza, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.193, pp.25-29, 2013.

E. Bissati, K. Levigne, P. Lykins, J. Adlaoui, E. B. Barkat et al., Global initiative for congenital toxoplasmosis: an observational and international comparative clinical analysis. Emerging Microbes and Infections, vol.7, p.165, 2012.

H. K. El-deeb, H. Salah-eldin, S. Khodeer, and A. A. Allah, Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in antenatal population in Menoufia governorate, Acta Tropica, vol.124, pp.185-191, 2012.

A. El-ghaysh, Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Egyptian donkeys using ELISA, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.80, pp.71-73, 1998.

K. M. El-gomati, A. M. Rashed, A. S. El-naas, M. Elsaid, and S. R. Elattar, A study on Toxoplasma gondii in mice (Mus musculus) in Tripoli -Libya, African Journal of Biology, vol.6, pp.123-126, 2010.

B. R. El-gozamy, S. A. Mohamed, and H. Mansour, Toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Qualyobia Governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.39, pp.389-401, 2009.

S. R. El-madawy and F. Y. Metawea, Serological assays and PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in an ostrich farm at Ismailia Province, Egypt. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, vol.2, pp.56-60, 2013.

E. Mansouri, B. Rhajaoui, M. Sebti, F. Amarir, F. Laboudi et al., Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Rabat, vol.100, pp.289-290, 2007.

M. Elsaid, A. G. Azbedah, D. Eddin, E. El-alem, and A. Alkout, The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in psychiatric patients in Tripoli, Libya. Journal of American Science, vol.10, pp.135-140, 2014.

H. M. Elsheikha, M. Aboul-dahab, A. Maboud, A. I. El-sherbini, and E. T. , Prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in asymptomatic Egyptian blood donors, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.39, pp.351-361, 2009.

W. Endlicher, Mittelmeerländer, Regionale Klimatologie: Die Alte Welt: Europa. Weischet W, Endlicher W, Editors. Teubner: Afrika, Asien, pp.153-182, 2000.

N. Fakhfakh, K. Kallel, S. Ennigro, E. Kaouech, S. Belhadj et al., Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii and immune status of pregnant women: cause and effect? Tunisie Médicale, vol.91, pp.188-190, 2013.

. Fao, Bureau sous-régional de la FAO pour l'Afrique du Nord, Les maladies animales transfrontalières : les maladies à fort impact socioéconomique, 2013.

. Fao, Livestock contribution to food security in the near East and North Africa. 33 rd session, pp.9-13, 2016.

L. Galal, D. Ajzenberg, A. Hamidovi?, M. F. Durieux, M. L. Dardé et al., Toxoplasma and Africa: One parasite, two opposite population structures, Trends in Parasitology, vol.34, pp.140-154, 2018.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01646804

M. Gamal and R. B. Jaroud, Seroprevalence study of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma, and risk factors for Toxoplasma infestation among pregnant women in Alkhoms state, Libya. Lebda Medical Journal, vol.1, pp.15-19, 2015.

A. Gashout, A. Amro, M. Erhuma, H. Al-dwibe, E. Elmaihub et al., Molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Libya, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.16, p.157, 2016.

M. Gharbi, L. Zribi, M. Jedidi, H. Chakkhari, S. Hamdi et al., Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Tunisian sheep, vol.106, pp.184-187, 2013.

A. A. Ghazy, R. M. Shaapan, and E. H. Abdel-rahman, Comparative serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in horses using locally isolated Toxoplasma gondii, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.145, pp.31-36, 2007.

N. H. Ghoneim, S. I. Shalaby, N. A. Hassanain, G. Zeedan, Y. A. Soliman et al., Comparative study between serological and molecular methods for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in women and small ruminants in Egypt, Foodborne Pathogens Disease, vol.7, pp.17-22, 2010.

N. Guessous-idrissi, D. Lahlou, R. Sefiani, and A. Benmira, La toxoplasmose et la rubéole chez la femme marocaine : résultats d'une enquête sérologique, Pathologie Biologie, vol.32, pp.761-765, 1984.

M. Guo, J. P. Dubey, D. Hill, R. L. Buchanan, H. R. Gamble et al., Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat products destined for human consumption, Journal of Food Products, vol.78, pp.457-476, 2015.

S. Z. Haq, M. S. Abushahama, O. Gerwash, J. M. Hughes, E. A. Wright et al., High frequency detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in human neonatal tissue from Libya, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.110, pp.551-557, 2016.

M. Harfoush and A. Tahoon, Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic ducks, free-range chickens, turkeys and rabbits in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate Egypt, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.40, pp.295-302, 2010.

F. M. Haridy, N. Saleh, H. Khalil, and T. A. Morsy, AntiToxoplasma gondii antibodies in working donkeys and donkey's milk in greater Cairo, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.40, pp.459-464, 2010.

M. Hayde and A. Pollak, Clinical picture: neonatal signs and symptoms, in Congenital toxoplasmosis: scientific background, clinical management and control, pp.153-164, 2000.

M. Hilali, S. Romand, P. Thulliez, O. Kwok, and J. P. Dubey, Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera from camels from Egypt, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.75, pp.269-271, 1998.

B. B. Ibrahim, M. M. Salama, N. I. Gawish, and F. M. Haridy, Serological and histopathological studies on Toxoplasma gondii among the workers and the slaughtered animals in Tanta Abattoir, Gharbia Governorate, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.27, pp.273-278, 1997.

H. M. Ibrahim, P. Huang, T. A. Salem, R. M. Talaat, M. I. Nasr et al., Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Northern Egypt, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.80, pp.263-267, 2009.

H. M. Ibrahim, A. H. Mohamed, A. A. El-sharaawy, . El-shqanqery, and . He, Molecular and serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and sheep in Egypt, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol.10, pp.996-1001, 2017.

L. Jemni, C. Faurant, F. Heyer, A. Bchir, M. S. Braham et al., Seroepidemiologic study of toxoplasmosis in the school population of Sousse, vol.78, pp.810-814, 1985.

A. M. Kamal, A. K. Ahmed, M. Abdellatif, M. Tawfik, and E. E. Hassan, Seropositivity of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women by ELISA at Minia University Hospital, Egypt. Korean Journal of Parasitology, vol.53, pp.605-610, 2015.

H. H. Kassem and T. P. Morsy, The prevalence of antiToxoplasma antibodies among pregnant women in Benghazi, J.) Libya. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.21, pp.69-74, 1991.

M. A. Khadre, E. Nageh, and M. S. Libya, Serological survey for toxoplasmosis in Tripoli, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.81, pp.761-763, 1987.

M. Khayeche, M. Mhadhbi, M. Gharbi, I. Nasfi, and M. A. Darghouth, Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection of sheep slaughtered in the governorate of Sousse on the occasion of the Muslim sacrifice feast (Eid Al-Adha) and analysis of risk factors. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 2013.

M. F. Kennou, N. Bayar, and M. Rekhis, Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in man, vol.55, pp.1-7, 1978.

M. F. Kennou, Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnant Tunisian women. Archives de l, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, vol.59, pp.205-211, 1982.

M. F. Kennou, Parasitoses of food origin in Tunisia. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis, vol.60, pp.393-407, 1983.

M. Laboudi, Review of toxoplasmosis in Morocco: seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women and HIV-infected patients, Panafrican Medical Journal, vol.27, p.269, 2017.

M. Laboudi, E. Mansouri, B. Rhajaoui, and M. , The role of the parity and the age in acquisition of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Rabat, International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol.6, pp.488-492, 2014.

M. Laboudi, E. Mansouri, B. Sebti, F. Amarir, F. Coppieters et al., Risk factors of a positive serological test for toxoplasmosis in a pregnant woman in Morocco, Parasite, vol.16, pp.71-72, 2009.

I. Lahmar, A. Lachkhem, D. Slama, W. Sakly, N. Haouas et al., Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in sheep, goats and cattle in Southern Tunisia, Bacteriology & Parasitology, vol.6, p.245, 2015.

L. Viguelloux, J. Epardeau, and B. , Indirect immunofluorescent reactions in epidemiological studies. A preliminary study on toxoplasmosis, Médecine Tropicale, vol.29, pp.76-83, 1969.

P. Lionello, P. Malanotte, and R. Boscolo, Mediterranean climate variability, 2006.

S. E. Livingston, The nutrition and natural history of the Serval (Felis serval) and Caracal (Caracal caracal), Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, vol.12, pp.327-334, 2009.

H. Mahmoud, S. Dezaki, E. Soleimani, S. Baneshi, M. R. Kheirandish et al., Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among healthy blood donors in southeast of Iran, Parasite Immunology, vol.37, pp.362-367, 2015.

A. Mercier, D. Ajzenberga, S. Devillard, M. P. Demar, B. De-thoisy et al., Human impact on genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii: Example of the anthropized environment from French Guiana, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.11, issue.6, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00654105

S. Messedi-triki, A. Memmi, B. Rachid, and M. S. , Aspects épidémiologiques de la toxoplasmose en Tunisie. Le Pharmacien du Maghreb, pp.105-108, 1982.

L. Messerer, S. Bouzbid, E. Gourbdji, R. Mansouri, and F. Bachi, Séroprévalence de la toxoplasmose chez les femmes enceintes dans la wilaya d'Annaba, Algérie. Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, vol.62, pp.160-165, 2014.

A. Mohamed-cherif, K. Ait-oudhia, and D. Khelef, Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) in Tiaret province, northwestern Algeria, vol.166, pp.271-274, 2015.

S. Mukherjee, A. Krishnan, K. Tamma, C. Home, R. Navya et al., Ecology driving genetic variation: A comparative phylogeography of Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) and Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in India, PLoS One, vol.29, issue.5, p.13724, 2010.

S. Nejmi and S. Alami, Étude immunologique de la toxoplasmose dans la population marocaine par la réaction d'immunofluorescence indirecte (1026 sérums), Maroc Médical, vol.572, pp.561-568, 1973.

. Oie, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale, Santé animale mondiale, vol.1, pp.1017-3102, 2012.

G. Pappas, N. Roussos, and M. E. Falagas, Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis, International Journal of Parasitology, vol.39, pp.1385-1394, 2009.

L. Pardini, M. Bernstein, L. A. Carral, F. J. Kaufer, A. Dellarupe et al., Congenital human toxoplasmosis caused by non-clonal Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Argentina, Parasitology International, vol.68, pp.48-52, 2018.

A. Pas and J. P. Dubey, Fatal toxoplasmose in sand cats (Felis margarita), Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, vol.39, pp.362-369, 2008.

J. W. Plant, N. Richardson, and G. G. Moyle, Toxoplasma infection and abortion in sheep associated with feeding of grain contaminated with cat faeces, Australian Veterinary Journal, vol.50, pp.19-21, 1974.

C. Rajendran, C. Su, and J. P. Dubey, Molecular genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Central and South America revealed high diversity within and between populations, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.12, pp.359-368, 2012.

J. S. Remington and G. Desmonts, Toxoplasmosis, in Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, vol.3, pp.89-195, 1990.

J. S. Remington, R. Mcleod, and G. Desmonts, Toxoplasmosis, in Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, vol.4, pp.140-267, 1995.

M. A. Rifaat, S. A. Salem, M. S. Sadek, M. E. Azab, F. M. Abdel-ghaffar et al., Toxoplasmosis: serological surveys in farm and domestic animals in Egypt (preliminary report), Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association, vol.51, pp.258-275, 1976.

F. Robert-gangneux and M. L. Dardé, Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.25, pp.264-296, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00696903

M. Rouatbi, Y. Amdouni, S. Amairia, M. R. Rjeibi, S. Sammoudi et al., Molecular detection and phylogenetic analyses of Toxoplasma gondii from naturally infected sheep in Northern and Central Tunisia, Veterinary Medicine and Science, vol.3, pp.22-31, 2017.

H. Ruge, Toxoplasmosis; a new disease, Journal of the Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association, vol.35, pp.337-338, 1952.

P. Sawadogo, J. Hafid, B. Bellete, R. Sung, M. Chakdi et al., Seroprevalence of T. gondii in sheep from Marrakech, vol.130, pp.89-92, 2005.

R. Schneider, O. Tabet-derraz, J. P. Dedet, M. Belkaid, and I. Lamri, Serodiagnosis of 2,438 cases of toxoplasmosis by immunofluorescence at the Pasteur Institute of Algeria. Epidemiological and clinical corollaries. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, vol.52, pp.95-104, 1977.

H. Sellami, H. Amri, F. Cheikhrouhou, A. Sellami, F. Makni et al., , vol.103, pp.37-40, 2010.

R. M. Shaapan, F. A. El-nawawi, and M. A. Tawfik, Sensitivity and specificity of various serological tests for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in naturally infected sheep, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.153, pp.359-362, 2008.

N. S. Shalaka, N. A. Garred, H. T. Zeglam, S. A. Awasi, L. A. Abukathir et al., Clinical profile and factors associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with HIV/AIDS: a retrospective analysis from Tripoli Medical Centre, vol.21, pp.635-646, 2013.

E. Siala, K. Aoun, M. K. Chahed, and A. Bouratbine, Difficulty in dating primary infections by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Tunisia, Tunisie Médicale, vol.84, pp.85-87, 2006.

E. Siala, B. Abdallah, R. Laouiti, F. Maatoug, R. Souissi et al., Toxoplasmic infections in pregnancy: about 94 cases diagnosed at the Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Obstétrique & Fertilité, vol.42, pp.312-316, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01060437

F. Spi?ák, K. Reiterová, S. ?pilovská, and . Dubinsky´pdubinsky´p, Prevalence estimation and genotypization of Toxoplasma gondii in goats, Biologia, vol.65, pp.670-674, 2010.

A. Splendore, Un nuovo protozoa parassita de'conigli. Incontrato nelle lesioni anatomiche d'une malattia che ricorda in molti punti il Kala-azar dell'uomo. Nota preliminare pel, Rev. Soc. Scient. Sao Paulo, vol.3, pp.109-112, 1908.

C. Su, D. Evans, R. H. Cole, J. C. Kissinger, J. W. Ajioka et al., Recent expansion of Toxoplasma through enhanced oral transmission, Science, vol.299, pp.414-416, 2003.

Y. Sukthana, Toxoplasmosis: beyond animals to humans, Trends in Parasitology, vol.22, pp.137-142, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.007

A. M. Tenter, A. R. Heckeroth, and L. M. Weiss, Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans, International Journal of Parasitology, vol.30, pp.1217-1258, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00124-7
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3109627?pdf=render

Z. Tlamcani, G. Yahyaoui, and M. Mahmoud, Prevalence of immunity to toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in University Hospital center Hassan II of Fez city (Morocco), 2017.

, Acta Medica International, vol.4, pp.43-45

M. Uhlíková and J. Hübner, Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbits, Folia Parasitologica, vol.20, pp.285-291, 1973.

A. Tonouhewa, Y. Akpo, P. Sessou, C. Adoligbe, E. Yessinou et al.,

, Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis of sero-epidemiological studies, Veterinary World, vol.10, pp.194-208

J. D. Vigne, J. Guilaine, K. Debue, L. Haye, and P. Gérard, Early taming of the cat in Cyprus, Science, vol.80, issue.304, p.259, 2004.

S. Uhl, North African cuisine, in Food Ingredients Online, 2001.

M. W. White, J. R. Radke, and J. B. Radke, Toxoplasma development -turn the switch on or off?, Cellular Microbiology, vol.16, pp.466-472, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/cmi.12267
URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cmi.12267

. Worldometers,

C. Yan, L. J. Liang, and K. Y. Zheng, Impact of environmental factors on the emergence, transmission and distribution of Toxoplasma gondii, Parasite and Vectors, vol.9, p.137, 2016.

F. Yekkour, A. D. Mercier, A. Murat, J. B. Khames, M. Nguewa et al., First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats from Algeria, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.239, pp.31-36, 2017.

M. E. Youssef, Profile of toxoplasmosis in two different localities in Dakahlia Governorate, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol.23, pp.423-430, 1993.

M. Rouatbi, S. Amairia, Y. Amdouni, M. A. Boussaadoun, O. Ayadi et al., Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in North Africa: a review. Parasite 26, 6. An international open-access, peer-reviewed, 2019.
DOI : 10.1051/parasite/2019006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02057121

, Reviews, articles and short notes may be submitted. Fields include, but are not limited to: general, medical and veterinary parasitology

, including entomology, acarology, helminthology and protistology, and molecular analyses; molecular biology and biochemistry; immunology of parasitic diseases; host-parasite relationships; ecology and life history of parasites

, All papers in Parasite are published in English. Manuscripts should have a broad interest and must not have been published or submitted elsewhere. No limit is imposed on the length of manuscripts

, 1994-2012) and Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée (1923-1993) and is the official journal of the Société Française de Parasitologie, Chief: Submit your manuscript at Jean-Lou Justine